Suchergebnisse

We perform a structural analysis on an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for Spain by exploiting long time series (1874–2011) and by using real oil prices as an indicator of variations in fuel energy consumption. This empirical strategy allows us to both, capture the effect of the most pollutant energy on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and, at the same time, preclude potential endogeneity problems derived from the direct inclusion of fuel consumption in econometric specification. Knowing the extent to which oil prices affect CO2 emissions has a straightforward application for environmental policy. The dynamics estimates of the long and short-term relationships among CO2, economic growth and oil prices are built through an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Our test results support the EKC hypothesis. Moreover, real oil prices are clearly revealed as a valuable indicator of pollutant energy consumption. ; We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Financial support from the European Union FEDER funds and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ECO2014-58975-P) is also gratefully acknowledged.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the external sector on Cuban tobacco from the export demand perspective towards the euro area. A tobacco-specific exchange rate is built to better capture the distinctions of this sector when competing overseas. We apply cointegration in the Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares framework and complement an error correction mechanism. It is found that both long and short-run estimates of exchange rate elasticities are significantly inelastic but present, at the same time, a high degree of stability. This means that prices become a fundamental control variable for economic policy purposes. Moreover, there is statistical evidence that income elasticity plays a significant role in the determination of exports growth for Cuban tobacco.