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This study examines how markets affect personal culture in the context of postsocialist China. Drawing on several bodies of literature, I argue that China's transition to a market economy promotes materialist values via two causal pathways. First, market transition entails a process of economic liberalization, which accentuates economic incentives and exacerbates existential insecurity. Second, market transition also entails a process of commodification that, by immersing individuals in market relations, crowds out intrinsic motives and normalizes the pursuit of material self-interests. My empirical analysis uses repeated cross-sectional data from a large-scale national survey to demonstrate the effect of market transition through the lens of work values. Taking advantage of China's regional variations in the pace of institutional change, I show that, between 2005 and 2015, provinces where market transition had made greater progress tended to experience a sharper rise in materialist work values. Additional analyses reveal significant differences in work values between state-sector employees and workers in the market sector, and that the relationship between market transition and materialist values extends beyond the work domain. These findings contribute to the theoretical literature on the cultural consequences of markets and the empirical knowledge on cultural change in contemporary China.

This is a preliminary search and research of world order and global politics. It is history-based and examines the concept of globalization as a result of causes. The prevailing hegemonic power of United States is constituted of physical presence of troops, financial power, and most importantly, predominance in lateralized power in governance bodies around the world. Time is never linear per se in concept or in discoveries, sovereignty as so. The preeminence of space entities and discoveries of planet management is changing the modality of border management and territorial groupings. The entities of the knowing and the consistent devising of apparatus and distribution continues altering globalized political entities. The exacerbating move on deployment of U.S. Space Command and militant service over Starcom has again like the Cold War compacting regional stability. This paper digs into the phenomenon. The paper is written in Simplified Chinese as the Romanized language, and the linguistics of the language was altered by conceptualization in the paper to defy on content mining and political extrapolation for autocratic uses.

This is a preliminary search and research of world order and global politics. It is history-based and examines the concept of globalization as a result of causes. The prevailing hegemonic power of United States is constituted of physical presence of troops, financial power, and most importantly, predominance in lateralized power in governance bodies around the world. Time is never linear per se in concept or in discoveries, sovereignty as so. The preeminence of space entities and discoveries of planet management is changing the modality of border management and territorial groupings. The entities of the knowing and the consistent devising of apparatus and distribution continues altering globalized political entities. The exacerbating move on deployment of U.S. Space Command and militant service over Starcom has again like the Cold War compacting regional stability. This paper digs into the phenomenon. The paper is written in Simplified Chinese as the Romanized language, and the linguistics of the language was altered by conceptualization in the paper to defy on content mining and political extrapolation for autocratic uses. ; Supplementary disclosures prerecorded as the 2022 The Science of Consciousness is included in the data.

In these essays, I study the following three topics in Applied Microeconomics using datasets of China: (1) The impact of political movements in the first thirty years of People's Republic of China on the intergenerational and multigenerational transmission of education; (2) The relationship between health insurance and households' consumption; (3) The effect of health insurance on out-of-pocket medical expenditures. The first chapter investigates the effect of family class origin on educational attainment and intra-family educational transmission process by using the newly released China Family Panel Study (CFPS) data. The paper focuses on three typical generations, those that completed their education before the beginning of the Maoist era, during the Land Reform and the Cultural Revolution, and after the end of the Cultural Revolution. Suffering from the class-based violence and discrimination, the members of landlord and rich-peasant families, who completed their education during the political movements, attained significantly lower education than the members of other families did. However, the offspring of landlord and rich peasant families are more likely to have higher educational achievement after the end of the Cultural Revolution. I also find evidence of a direct effect of grandfather's education on grandson's education beyond intervening causal mechanisms through fathers. This multigenerational effect on education is particularly strong within former landlord and rich-peasant families. The second chapter discusses the relationship between medical insurance and consumption. I set up a simple theoretical model to show that medical insurance acts as a buffer against possible health shocks, which makes precautionary saving less necessary and thus stimulates consumption. The China Health and Nutrition Survey is utilized in empirical tests. I find that the coefficient of insurance is significantly positive and that it is robust to alternative specifications. Moreover, I notice that cooperative insurance has the smallest effect among all kinds of insurance, which indicates that it is necessary to allocate more resources to this kind of insurance. I also provide evidence that the effect of insurance is greater for people with low income or who face a greater danger of health shock. The third chapter examines the effect of health insurance on out-of-pocket medical expenditures. In 1998, the Chinese government launched a health insurance reform to expand the health insurance coverage in urban China. The reform aimed at putting all urban employees into a new health insurance scheme, Urban Employee Health Insurance (UEHI). The new scheme was rolled out sequentially across different working units including government, state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises. This paper employs a difference-in-difference strategy to make use of this variation of eligibility across different working units and over time to identify the impact of reform. I find that the reform substantially increased the probability of being covered by health insurance and reduced the out-of-pocket medical expenditures of the employees of private enterprises. Besides, the reform significantly reduced the risk of exposure to catastrophic medical expenditures of the employees of both private enterprises and SOEs.

We studied the prediction mechanism of the effects of the crowding perception, risk awareness, and safety perception of subway passengers on their behavioral decision making in the context of COVID-19 as a public health safety crisis. We conducted a survey of 305 subway passengers in
Zhejiang Province, China, and used structural equation modeling for data analysis. The results show that the crowding perception of the passengers did not directly predict their behavioral decision making. Rather, risk awareness and safety perception played a chain mediating role between the
crowding perception and behavioral decision making of passengers. We further explored the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y; STAI-Y) is a balanced scale with a complex factor structure. Using survey data from children and adolescents in Jiangxi Province, China (N = 1,275), we conducted confirmatory factor analysis to clarify the number of factors in this instrument
and to investigate the relationship between reaction time (RT) and anxiety. Results revealed the following 3 dimensions for the STAI-Y: anxiety absent, anxiety present, and general anxiety. Compared with those who answered all the questions (58%), those who missed questions (42%) had a lower
education level, a longer RT, and higher scores for items indicating the presence of state or trait anxiety. Our results could provide innovative directions for the improvement and expansion of research using the STAI-Y with children and adolescents.