Suchergebnisse

2. The Legislative Framework3. The Scientific Assessment of Active Substances; 4. The Process of Pesticide Approvaland Registration; 5. Current Developments in the Pesticide Regulatory Process in the EU; References; Chapter 3. Will Risk Assessment Help Risk Management?; 1. Introduction; 2. The Knowledge Transfer Process; 3. Management by Methodology; 4. A Gradient from Science to Management; References; Chapter 4. Water Resource Contamination in Italian Paddy Areas; 1. Introduction; 2. Potential Non-Point Contamination; 3. Defining Vulnerable Areas; 4. Human Risk; References

From the mid-1980s, meat consumption in Italy and the western world have stabilised and, in the face of a well-established food security, we have witnessed a changed sensitivity for ethical issues, such as animal welfare and environmental impacts of farms. Analysing the sustainability of meat and cured meats means studying in the most objective way possible different topics concerning both the consumer and the livestock production. This volume presents an interdisciplinary study to describe the "5 faces" of meat sustainability: nutrition, environmental impacts and the circular economy applied to farms and industry, food security and animal welfare, the economic aspects of supply chains and the fight against food waste.

Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Evolution and Future of Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessment -- 1 What Is Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessment? -- 2 First Steps in Developing Risk Assessment Schemes -- 3 Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessment in the European Union -- Box 1: The Precautionary Principle in International and EU Treaties -- 4 Current Practices in Risk Assessment -- 5 Future Priorities and Challenges -- 5.1 Managing Uncertainty Analysis in Risk Assessment -- 5.2 Probabilistic and Sensitivity Analysis -- 5.3 Integrated Risk Assessment -- References -- SWOT Analysis of the MERLIN-Expo Tool and Its Relevance in Legislative Frameworks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Assessment Criteria -- 2.2 Relevance Criteria Importance for Regulatory Frameworks -- 2.3 Exposure Models -- 2.3.1 CalTOX -- 2.3.2 ESCAPE -- 2.3.3 EUSES -- 2.3.4 GLOBOX -- 2.3.5 GREATER-ER -- 2.3.6 MACRO -- 2.3.7 MERLIN-Expo -- 2.3.8 MODULERS -- 2.3.9 PBPK -- 2.3.10 PEARL -- 2.3.11 STEPS 1-2 -- 2.3.12 TOXSWA -- 2.3.13 USEtox -- 3 Comparative Assessment -- 4 SWOT Analysis of the MERLIN-Expo Model -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Standard Documentation of Exposure Models: MERLIN-Expo Case Study -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Challenge faced by MERLIN-Expo -- 1.3 Standardisation -- 2 Standard Documentation Framework -- 2.1 Exploratory Research -- 2.2 MERLIN-Expo Standard Documentation Framework -- 3 CEN Workshop -- 3.1 CEN Workshop ``MERLIN-Expo´´ -- 3.2 The CEN Workshop Agreement CWA 16938 -- References -- Modelling the Fate of Chemicals in Surface Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sorption/Desorption Between Water and Particles -- 2.1 Process Description.

This volume focuses on modelling the fate of chemicals in the environment and the human body to arrive at an integrated exposure assessment. It covers five broad topics, namely: future challenges in exposure assessment; the evolution of human health and environmental risk assessment; standard documentation for exposure models; modelling different environmental components (i.e. surface waters, atmosphere, soil, groundwater, plants, aquatic organisms and mammals); and the fate of contaminants in humans. This work draws on the authors' and editors' extensive experience and a range of different research activities, including case studies, that have led to the development of MERLIN-Expo, a standardised software package for simulating the fate of chemicals in the main environmental systems and in the human body in an integrated manner. It will be of considerable interest to researchers and students, risk managers, and policy- and decision-makers whose work involves environmental protection and human health

Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes, as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were analysed in 52 sediments and 27 fish samples from three European river basins, namely the Evrotas (Greece), the Adige (Italy) and the Sava (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia). This is the first time that FR levels have been reported in these three European river basins. The highest contamination was found in the Adige and Sava rivers, whereas lower values were obtained for the Evrotas. The levels in sediment samples ranged between 0.25 and 34.0 ng/g dw, and between 0.31 and 549 ng/g dw, for HFRs and OPFRs respectively. As regards levels in fish, concentrations ranged between 9.32 and 461 ng/g lw and between 14.4 and 650 ng/g lw, for HFRs and OPFRs, respectively. Thus, whereas OPFR values were higher in sediments, similar concentrations (in the Evrotas) and even lower concentrations than HFRs (Sava) were found for OPFRs in the fish samples, indicating the lower bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs. Biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated and higher values were obtained for HFRs compared to those assessed for OPFRs. © 2017 The Author(s) ; This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Globaqua project (No. 603629), and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2014 SGR 418 -Water and Soil Quality Unit). The authorswould like to thanks Nicoleta A. Suciu (Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza) for her contribution in statistical analysis. ; Peer reviewed