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Chapter Part I Theoretical aspects PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, TAXES, DEBT AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH /Patrick Artus --part STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND PUBLIC DEFICIT: A CGE MODELLING ANALYSIS FOR GREECE Pantélis Capros and Pavlos Karadeloglou --chapter 1 PUBLIC DEFICITS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: RESULTS OF AN ECONOMETRIC BUSINESS CYCLE MODEL FOR THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY --chapter 2 ENDOGENOUS GROWTH AND BUDGETARY POLICY IN THE OPEN ECONOMY --part PART II PUBLIC DEFICITS AND STABILIZATION --chapter 3 PROPOSALS FOR COMMUNITY STABILIZATION MECHANISMS --chapter 4 SOME STOCHASTIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT'S BUDGET CONSTRAINT --chapter 5 CREDIT CONSTRAINTS AND THE EFFICIENCY OF BUDGETARY POLICY --chapter 6 STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND PUBLIC DEFICIT --chapter 7 PUBLIC DEFICITS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION --part PART III STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES AND IMPLICATIONS --chapter 8 PUBLIC SPENDING IN FEDERAL STATES --chapter 9 CAUSALITY BETWEEN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND TAXATION --chapter 10 ON THE EFFICACY, EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY OF STATE SUPPORT IN BRITAIN.

The focus of this volume is on the European context of public budget policy and a variety of different approaches are used - theoretical modelling, econometrics and applied general equilibrium modelling. Empirical evidence and case studies of European countries are contained in all the papers. The papers cover the four general themes of public budget policy: * economic stabilization, in view of the Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community * reinforcing structural change, involved in market liberalization and harmonization of economic structures * its distributional effects and implications for social equity * endogenous economic growth.

This paper presents the challenges of increasing the energy efficiency investments in European Union (EU) residential buildings in the context of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The paper presents the results of the PRIMES buildings model in key energy policy applications to support cost-effective and fair policy making in buildings across Europe. The model covers, in detail, the building sector for all the EU Member States (MS), segmenting the buildings into many categories. The approach proposed includes non-market barriers in conventional microeconomic modelling, which combined with idiosyncratic preferences can capture poor energy efficiency choices and still represent rational behaviours. The model includes a detailed portrayal of policies specific to the sector, comprising economic and regulatory policies as well as institutional measures. The results of the model show that the removal of non-market barriers is of great importance in reducing energy consumption and increasing both the pace and the depth of renovation investment. However, the institutional measures alone are not enough to induce energy efficiency improvement to the scale required to achieve the climate neutrality objectives. Economic (i.e., subsidies) or regulatory measures (i.e., energy performance standards) are also required to decrease emissions and energy consumption in buildings and the paper compares different configurations thereof. The optimum policy mix obviously derives from a compromise among various aims including the cost-effectiveness of the policy budget and the distributional impacts across building and consumer types.

Fragmented climate policies across parties of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change have led to the question of whether initiating significant and immediate climate change mitigation can support the achievement of other non-climate objectives. We analyze such potential co-benefits in connection with a range of mitigation efforts using results from eleven integrated assessment models. These model results suggest that an immediate mitigation of climate change coincide for Europe with an increase in energy security and a higher utilization of non-biomass renewable energy technologies. In addition, the importance of phasing out coal is highlighted with external cost estimates showing substantial health benefits consistent with the range of mitigation efforts.

The book provides an integrated analysis of the implications for the energy system from adapting to meet climate change targets and analyses the role of improving energy technologies for the world and the EU markets. The first part of the book sets the stage for the analysis by presenting the European and World economic and energy outlook. The second part examines the policy options available for controlling greenhouse gases in the period to 2010. Over such a relatively short period, the role of technology lies mostly in making possible the more efficient use of energy. Finally, the third part of the volume examines the longer term role of technology in the context of a case study for the power generation sector

Climate technology becomes more and more relevant in international environmental policy negotiations. At the Kyoto conference binding emission reduction targets have been established for several regions of the world. The major challenge is how to realize these reduction goals with minimum costs without generating new distributional and social difficulties. The book analyses the macroeconomic structural and distributional impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for the EU and the member states

The TRIMODE integrated model for Europe combines the simulation of transport, economy and energy systems for the assessment of major transport infrastructure projects and policies. Within a single software platform, the model components include a full four stage Transport model of passenger and freight movements, an Energy model with dynamic vehicle fleets for all transport modes and an Economy model representing the complete macroeconomic system of European countries with a two-layer General Equilibrium model that works at both a regional and a national level. Covering the whole European Union and it neighbouring countries, the model has a very detailed spatial resolution of the transport system, with a NUTS III level multimodal network, coupled with detailed disaggregation of transport demand by socio-economic groups, purposes, etc. for passengers and by NST and handling categories, etc. for freight. The model considers all types of energy sources and technologies for all modes of transport.