Suchergebnisse

En este trabajo se pretende analizar la estructura de la economía georgiana para el año 2007. Para ello se utiliza la Matriz de Contabilidad Social de este país para el año objeto de estudio. Se analizarán los sectores clave de la economía, se realizará una descomposición de multiplicadores contables en sus tres efectos (directo, indirecto e inducido), y por último se realizarán dos simulaciones; por un lado se analizará cómo reaccionan los distintos sectores productivos en la región debido a la transferencia de fondos recibidos por parte de las USAID, y por otro lado, se analizará la distribución de los ingresos y los gastos de los consumidores georgianos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran los sectores de actividad más importantes del país, entre los que se encuentran, Agricultura, Manufacturas y Comercio así como los que menos repercusión e importancia tienen como pueden ser Minería, Educación e Instituciones Gubernamentales. ; This paper analyzes the economic structure of the Georgian economy by 2007. Using the Social Accounting Matrix of this country for that particular year, authors analyze the key sectors of the economy. There can be found an accounting decomposition of multipliers in their three effects (direct, indirect and induced), and finally, the analysis of the reaction of different productive sectors in the region to the transfer of funds received by the USAID and the distribution of income and expenditure of Georgians consumers is run. The results show the most important sectors of the country, among them are to be included: Agriculture, Manufacturing and Trade, as well as the sectors of minor impact and importance which are in the case Mining, Education and Government Institutions.

Acknowledgments: First author to JRC/SVQ/2015/J.1/0038/NC European Commission; second author to P09-SEJ-4546 from the Andalusian Regional Government and to MINECO ECO2012/35430; third author to MINECO ECO2014/52506R. All results, interpretations and opinions are the authors' only and should not be attributed to their academic institutions or financial supporters. ; We present a novel sequential approach that explores the capacity of Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to track down policy-induced economic changes and their ability to generate contrastable data. We use an empirical Social accounting matrix (SAM) of the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, to construct an initial CGE model. This model is then perturbed with a set of policy shocks related to EU Structural Funds invested into Andalusia. These shocks are accompanied by some parameter adjustments that pick up the main external changes not explained by the model. We generate a sequence of model-produced virtual SAMs. We then compare the last virtual SAM in the sequence with a new available empirical SAM. This allows us to check relatedness, for the same year, between the model produced and the empirical SAMs. The results show a good fit to the empirical data, providing further support to the CGE modelling tool.

Esta investigación estima la Matriz de Contabilidad Social (MCS) de la economía mexicana para el año 2022, con base en la matriz de 2018, utilizando el método de entropía cruzada. Con la MCS estimada se realiza un análisis multisectorial mediante la clasificación de sectores. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos en la nueva MCS 2022 reflejan una aproximación a la estructura de la economía nacional. El análisis multisectorial muestra un cambio significativo en la estructura económica de los últimos 10 años; particularmente se observan los efectos negativos que generó la crisis sanitaria de Covid-19 en diversas actividades como las manufacturas, el comercio y la agricultura. Además, a partir del análisis multisectorial se infiere que la recuperación de dichas actividades será lenta y sostenida. Por último, se propone un conjunto de recomendaciones en materia de política económica para que México alcance una senda de crecimiento estable.

Versión en línea del registro antes de la inclusión en un número ; Online versión of record before inclusión in an issue. ; The aim of this paper is contributing to fill the gap between the macroeconomic effects of policy reforms and the microeconomic and social ones, considering simultaneously both kind of impacts. Regarding fiscal adjustments, concern about the sustainability of public deficit and debt resulting from the Great Recession led governments to adopt austerity measures in most European countries. Our analysis considers the redistributive effects of such adjustments for the Spanish economy by simulating a hypothetical reduction of public deficit and distinguishing between spending cuts and tax hikes. In terms of analytical approach, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and a microsimulation model are integrated to include the general equilibrium effects of these measures as well as the effects on income distribution. The results contribute to the growing but limited literature on the distributional effects of fiscal consolidations by showing that policymakers have to choose between more inequality or more poverty. ; Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Javier De Miguel-Vélez acknowledges the fnancial support from Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (grant number ECO2016-75204-P) and from Junta de Extremadura European Fund of Regional Development (GR18124). Jesús Pérez-Mayo acknowledges the fnancial support from Junta de Extremadura and the European Fund of Regional Development (GR18106) Pilar Campoy-Muñoz and M. Alejandro Cardenete acknowledge the fnancial support from Junta de Andalucía Research Group (Climamodel SEJ-511). ; peerReviewed

Programs to reduce employers' social security contributions are being widely discussed in both the political arena and academic forums as tools for promoting economic growth and boosting employment. This paper employs a computable general equilibrium model to assess the economic impact on the national economy of the proposals from the Spanish Confederation of Enterprise Organizations about reducing the social security contributions paid by employers. The results show that the proposals fail to reduce unemployment when they are combined with compensation by revenues from indirect taxes; whereas compensation through increased personal income taxes shows positive results on unemployment in exchange for decreases in private consumption.

Altres ajuts: PAIDI SEJ-511 ; About one third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. For this reason, food losses and waste has become a key priority within worldwide policy circles. This is a major global issue that not only threatens the viability of a sustainable food system but also generates negative externalities in environmental terms. The avoidance of this forbidding wastage would have a positive economic impact on national economies in terms of resource savings. In this paper we look beyond this somewhat traditional resource savings angle and we shift the focus to explore the distributional consequences of food losses and waste reduction using a resource constrained modeling perspective. The impact due to the behavioral shift of each household is therefore explained by two factors. One is the amount of resources saved when the behavioral shift takes place, whereas the other one has to do with the position of households in the food supply chain. By considering the whole supply chain, instead of the common approach based only in reducing waste by consumers, we enrich the empirical knowledge of this issue and improve the quantification of its economic impact. We examine data for three EU countries that present different economic structures (Germany, Spain and Poland) so as to have a broader and more robust viewpoint of the potential results. We find that distributional effects are different for consumers and producers and also across countries. Our results could be useful for policymakers since they indicate that policies should not be driven merely by the size waste but rather on its position within the food supply chain.

Due to the relevance of fossil fuels in the electricity matrix in Spain, the electrical sector plays a crucial role in mitigation policies such as carbon taxes. Increased prices of electricity can act as an incentive to enhance energy efficiency contributing to CO2 abatement. This paper evaluates a tax on electricity consumption (ECT). Focusing on energy efficiency commitments for Spain as established by EU Authorities for Horizon 2020 (H2020), a pricing model was created to assess economic impacts and its effectiveness in meeting this commitment. The analysis was performed by considering two scenarios, without (Scenario 1) and with (Scenario 2) tax recycling between the new tax and employer-paid social security benefits or contributing to price stability. In Scenario 2, the tax reform is achieved with tax recycling, offsetting the introduction of the ECT by reducing employer-paid social security payments. Two alternative restrictions on the tax reform were considered for the simulation of Scenario 2. In the first case, a restriction was imposed to ensure revenue neutrality (2-I). In the second case, the restriction ought to maintain price stability (2-II). Results from different scenarios offer an important range of possibilities for policy decisions. The results show that with a tax rate equal to 1%, there is a remarkable reduction of CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, and the same happens with other sectors that the literature identifies as drivers of such emissions. ; Junta de Andalucía proyecto SEJ-132 ; Fundación Roger Torné, Universidad de Sevilla, Cátedra de Economía de la Energía y del Medio Ambiente 1394/0103 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ECO2014 – 56399-R ; Ministerio de Educación de Chile Proyecto FONDECYT 1150025

Multiplier analysis based upon the information contained in Leontief's inverse is undoubtedly part of the core of the input-output methodology and numerous applications an extensions have been developed that exploit its informational content. Nonetheless there are some implicit theoretical assumptions whose implications have perhaps not been fully assessed. This is the case of the 'excess capacity' assumption. Because of this assumption resources are available as needed to adjust production to new equilibrium states. In real world applications, however, new resources are scarce and costly. Supply constraints kick in and hence resource allocation needs to take them into account to really assess the effect of government policies. Using a closed general equilibrium model that incorporates supply constraints, we perform some simple numerical exercises and proceed to derive a 'constrained' multiplier matrix that can be compared with the standard 'unrestricted' multiplier matrix. Results show that the effectiveness of expenditure policies hinges critically on whether or not supply constraints are considered.