Melted ice destroys a city : Huaraz, 1941 -- Georacial disorder beneath enchanted lakes -- Engineering the Andes, nationalizing natural disaster -- High development follows disasters -- In pursuit of danger : defining and defending hazard zones -- The story of vanishing water towers -- The risk of neoliberal glaciers -- Appendix 1: Selected Cordillera Blanca glacial lake security projects -- Appendix 2: Glacier-related disasters in Cordillera Blanca history -- Appendix 3: Government entities conducting glacier and glacial lake projects
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Peruvian Andes ranked as a key international destination for those afflicted with one of the world's most deadly diseases, tuberculosis. Physicians, scientists, policy makers, and patients believed that high-elevation mountain climates worldwide would help cure the disease. Historical processes driving the creation of Andean health resorts, which are understudied in the historiography, uncover an important story in the history of tuberculosis, and also reveal how global health initiatives and disease treatment played out within the global South, where national forces and local environmental conditions influenced the trajectory of science and medicine. Jauja, Peru, became an internationally recognized health resort for tuberculosis treatment not only through science and medicine but also through national political integration campaigns, transportation initiatives, economic development agendas, social (race and class) relations, cultural perspectives of the Andean landscape, and the impact of the physical environment. This historical case about the evolution of Jauja reveals how science and medicine are shaped by distinct spatial forces that illuminate a geography of science in the postcolonial setting, as well as the ways in which climate is culturally constructed in specific sites, by different peoples, and at distinct points in time.
Context Attaching tracking devices to several avian species could produce negative outcomes. Of particular concern are potential alterations to birds' reproductive, flight, diving and foraging performances. Attachment of devices may also lead to a bias in results or an inaccurate interpretation of results as birds may not behave 'normally'.
Aims The aims of the present study were to evaluate the possible effects of a 5.4-g global location-sensing (GLS) data-logger attached to a modified aluminium band on short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 1835)), representing 0.7–1% of adult body mass, breeding on Great Dog Island, Furneaux Group, Tasmania.
Methods Eighty birds were monitored during two breeding seasons. Twenty-seven GLS data-loggers were attached to birds in 2007, with the remaining birds acting as controls. Breeding success, return rates and body condition were compared between equipped and non-equipped birds.
Key results In the year of deployment, no evidence of negative effects of attaching data-loggers on hatching success, pre-fledging chick mass or survival was found. However, chicks reared by non-equipped adults were skeletally larger. After controlling for body size, no significant effect on chick body condition was detected between the two groups. In the year of recapture, significantly more GLS-equipped than non-equipped adults returned to the colony. There were no differences in adult body condition, egg size, hatching or fledging success between the two groups. After GLS devices were removed, chick mass and size at pre-fledging were equal between those raised by GLS-equipped and non-equipped adults.
Conclusions These results suggest that appropriate-sized data-loggers are a relatively benign method of obtaining at-sea foraging and behavioural information from seabirds. However, loggers may be affecting parental care of offspring and this requires further investigation. Importantly, no carry-over effects were observed once the data-loggers were removed after 12 months.
Implications Identifying any effects of data-logger attachment is imperative for animal welfare but also for the accuracy of tracking data and subsequent interpretation. GLS devices are rapidly becoming smaller and lighter, and if this trend continues, unlock unprecedented opportunities for pelagic seabird research. During long deployments, monitoring individuals and assessing their health and reproductive output should be considered an integral part of all bio-logging studies.
