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Introduction: "Remove the harm, Lord of men, and give healing": Muslim and Catholic responses to HIV and AIDS in Kenya -- "I was sick and you took care of me": Catholic responses to HIV and AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya -- "Did you not know that one of my servants was sick, and you did not visit him? Did you not know that if you had visited him, you would have found me with him?": Muslim responses to HIV and AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya -- "Mercy triumphs over judgment": Comparative theological notions of mercy, hospitality, and justice in the lived Muslim and Catholic response to HIV and AIDS in Kenya -- "Let anyone among you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone at her": Lingering questions of sexuality and areas of unaddressed concern -- Conclusion: "Therefore, the Lord waits to be gracious to you; therefore he will rise up to show mercy to you. For the lord is a God of justice; blessed are those who wait for him"

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Beginning the Search for Answers -- Entering the Health Inequity Field -- A Bias Towards Understanding How People Work -- A Lack of Agreement in the Field -- Could Perspective Be Part of the Problem? -- Sharing Our Journey -- The Link Between Income Inequity and Health Outcomes -- The Main Point and Some Nuances of Which to Be Aware -- A Closer Look at the Findings -- Explaining Why Income Inequity Might Have the Effect That It Does -- Alternative Views About the Research -- Pausing to Reflect -- References -- 2 A Closer Look at the Scientific Literature -- The Contribution of Theoretical Frameworks -- Methodological Considerations -- Seeking Conceptual Clarity -- Concluding Comments and Common Themes -- References -- 3 Inequity Through a Different Lens: An Introduction to Perceptual Control Theory -- Let's Start at the Very Beginning -- The Ubiquitous Phenomenon of Control -- Invariant Laws Will Not Be Discovered Through the Study of Variability -- Mechanisms and Models -- Considering Causality -- But Doesn't Everyone Already Know All This? -- In a Nutshell -- References -- 4 Health Through the Lens of Control: A Different Look at Well-Being and Being Well -- What Is Health? -- Controlling Is a Bio-Psycho-Social Process -- What Would Thinking About Health in This Way Mean? -- If We Define Health Differently, We Might Study It Differently Too -- References -- 5 Research Through the Lens of Control: Reflecting on What We're Doing from a Different Vantage Point -- We Are All Controllers All the Time -- Researchers as Controllers -- Examples of Researchers' Controlling -- It Doesn't Matter How Closely We Scrutinise Inequity -- It Doesn't Matter How Many Linear Causal Pathways We Construct -- It's Loops Not Lines When It Comes to Causality.

The 1965 legislation that established Medicare and Medicaid declared that the Federal Government would not interfere in clinical medicine. Despite the original intent, Medicare and Medicaid have had tremendous influence on medical practice. In this article, we focus on four policy areas that illustrate the influence of CMS (and its predecessor agencies) on medical practice. We discuss the implications of the relationship between CMS and clinical medicine and how this relationship has changed over time. We conclude with thoughts about potential future efforts at CMS.

Background: International evidence suggests that a key to improving health and attaining more equitable health outcomes for disadvantaged populations is a health system with a strong primary care sector. Longstanding problems with health workforce supply and turnover in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, jeopardise primary care delivery and the effort to overcome the substantial gaps in health outcomes for this population. This research describes temporal changes in workforce supply in government-operated clinics in remote NT communities through a period in which there has been a substantial increase in health funding. Methods: Descriptive and Markov-switching dynamic regression analysis of NT Government Department of Health payroll and financial data for the resident health workforce in 54 remote clinics, 2004-2015. The workforce included registered Remote Area Nurses and Midwives (nurses), Aboriginal Health Practitioners (AHPs) and staff in administrative and logistic roles. Main outcome measures: total number of unique employees per year; average annual headcounts; average full-time equivalent (FTE) positions; agency employed nurse FTE estimates; high and low supply state estimates. Results: Overall increases in workforce supply occurred between 2004 and 2015, especially for administrative and logistic positions. Supply of nurses and AHPs increased from an average 2.6 to 3.2 FTE per clinic, although supply of AHPs has declined since 2010. Each year almost twice as many individual NT government-employed nurses or AHPs are required for each FTE position. Following funding increases, some clinics doubled their nursing and AHP workforce and achieved relative stability in supply. However, most clinics increased staffing to a much smaller extent or not at all, typically experiencing a "fading" of supply following an initial increase associated with greater funding, and frequently cycling periods of higher and lower staffing levels. Conclusions: Overall increases in workforce ...