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This paper studies monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. It discusses the process of policy competition and the structure of policy cooperation. As to policy competition, the focus is on competition between the European central bank, the German government, and the French government. As to policy cooperation, the focus is on the same institutions. These are higher-dimensional issues. The policy targets are price stability and full employment. Special features of this paper are numerical simulations of policy competition and numerical solutions to policy cooperation.

This paper studies the interactions between monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. It carefully discusses the process of policy competition and the structure of policy cooperation. As to policy competition, the focus is on competition between the European central bank, the American central bank, the German government, and the French government. As to policy cooperation, the focus is on the same institutions. These are higher-dimensional issues. The policy targets are price stability and full employment. Special features of this paper are numerical simulations of policy competition and numerical solutions to policy cooperation.

This paper studies the international coordination of monetary policies in the world economy. It carefully discusses the process of policy competition and the structure of policy cooperation. As to policy competition, the focus is on monetary competition between Europe and America. Similarly, as to policy cooperation, the focus is on monetary cooperation between Europe and America. The spillover effects of monetary policy are negative. The policy targets are price stability and full employment.

This paper studies the international coordination of monetary policies in the world economy. It carefully discusses the process of policy competition and the structure of policy cooperation. As to policy competition, the focus is on monetary competition between Europe and America. Similarly, as to policy cooperation, the focus is on monetary cooperation between Europe and America. The spillover effects of monetary policy are negative. The policy targets are price stability and full employment.

This paper studies the interactions between monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. The focus is on the union central bank, the German government, and the French government. The policy targets are price stability in the union, full employment in Germany, and full employment in France. The policy instruments are union money supply, German government purchases, and French government purchases. As a rule, the spillovers of fiscal policy are negative. The policy decisions are taken sequentially or simultaneously. This paper carefully discusses the case for central bank independence and fiscal cooperation between Germany and France.

This paper studies the interactions between monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. The focus is on the union central bank, the German government, and the French government. The policy targets are price stability in the union, full employment in Germany, and full employment in France. The policy instruments are union money supply, German government purchases, and French government purchases. As a rule, the spillovers of fiscal policy are negative. The policy decisions are taken sequentially or simultaneously. This paper carefully discusses the case for central bank independence and fiscal cooperation between Germany and France.

This paper studies the interactions between monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. The focus is on the union central bank, the German government, and the French government. The policy targets are price stability in the union, full employment in Germany, and full employment in France. The policy instruments are union money supply, German government purchases, and French government purchases. As a rule, the spillovers of fiscal policy are negative. The policy decisions are taken sequentially or simultaneously. This paper carefully discusses the case for central bank independence and fiscal cooperation between Germany and France.

The monetary union is an open economy with perfect capital mobility. It consists of two identical countries, say Germany and France. A fiscal expansion in Germany causes an appreciation of the euro. This in turn lowers both German and French exports. The net effect is that German income goes up. On the other hand, French income goes down. And what is more, union income does not change. An increase in German government purchases of 100 produces an increase in German income of 74 and a decline in French income of equally 74. What is needed, therefore, is a mix of monetary and fiscal policy.

Die Europäische Währungsunion funktioniert wesentlich anders als das Europäische Währungssystem, qualitativ und quantitativ. Wie wirken Geldpolitik, Fiskalpolitik und Lohnpolitik auf Beschäftigung und Preisniveau? Welcher Policy Mix ist erforderlich, um Vollbeschäftigung und Preisstabilität zu sichern? Ein besonderes Kennzeichen dieses Aufsatzes ist die numerische Abschätzung der Politikeffekte. Der erste Teil befaßt sich mit der EWU als Ganzem, der zweite Teil mit Deutschland und anderen Ländern der EWU.