Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Cliometrics of the Family: Editors´ Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: A Cliometric Model of Unified Growth: Family Organization and Economic Growth in the Long Run of History -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Related Literature -- 2.3 The Model -- 2.3.1 Production -- 2.3.1.1 Production of Final Output -- 2.3.1.2 The Production of Human Capital -- 2.3.1.3 Technological Progress -- 2.3.2 Individuals -- 2.3.2.1 Preferences and Budget Constraint -- 2.3.2.2 The Household Choice Problem -- 2.3.2.3 Choice of Human Capital and Fertility -- 2.3.3 Distribution of Labour Types -- 2.4 The Dynamic Evolution of the Economy -- 2.4.1 Dynamic Evolution of the Key Variables -- 2.4.1.1 The Fraction of Skilled Individuals -- 2.4.1.2 Dynamic Evolution of Gender Equality -- 2.4.1.3 Process of Technological Process -- 2.4.2 The Dynamical System -- 2.4.3 The Global Dynamics of Development -- 2.4.3.1 Non-developed Economy -- 2.4.3.2 Transitory Economy -- 2.4.3.3 Developed Economy -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Marital Fertility and Investment in Children´s Education -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theoretical Background -- 3.3 Fertility Control in Preindustrial Europe -- 3.4 The Fertility Transition -- 3.4.1 The Role of Economic Factors -- 3.4.2 The Diffusion of New Cultural Norms -- 3.5 Early Childhood Education and Fertility -- 3.5.1 Kindergarten in Prussia -- 3.5.2 Data and Empirical Evidence -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: A Critical Introduction to Instrumental Variables for Sibship Size Based on Twin Births -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Challenge of Endogeneity When Studying the Effect from Sibship Size on Children -- 4.3 An Introduction to Instrumental Variable Techniques -- 4.4 An Introduction to Using Twin Births as Instrumental Variables.

We review different interpretations of the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) and explore how they relate to the discussion of the link between the EMP and economic growth. Recently Dennison and Ogilvie have argued that the EMP did not contribute to growth in Early Modern Europe. We argue that the link between the EMP and economic growth is incorrectly conceptualized. Age of marriage is not a good scale for the degree to which countries were characterized by EMP. Rather, the economic effects of the EMP should be seen in the broader context of how marriage responds to changing economic circumstance.

The category of species has remained largely understudied in mainstream gender scholarship. This edition of the Yearbook of Women's History attempts to show how gender history can be enriched through the study of animals. It highlights that the inclusion of nonhuman animals in historical work has the potential to revolutionize the ways we think about gender history. This volume is expansive in more than one way. First, it is global and transhistorical in its outlook, bringing together perspectives from the Global North and the Global South, and moving from the Middle Ages to the contemporary world. Even more importantly for its purposes, a range of animals appear in the contributions: from the smallest insects to great apes, and from 'cute' kittens to riot dogs and lions. The articles collected here reflect the variety of the animal kingdom and of the creative approaches enabled by animal history

Historically, gender inequalities in health status, socio-economic standing and political rights have been large. This chapter documents gender differences in life expectancy and birth rates (to cover health status); in average years of schooling, labour force participation, inheritance rights and marriage age (to cover socioeconomic status); and in parliamentary seats and suffrage (to cover political rights). A composite indicator shows strong progress in reducing gender inequality in the past 60 years in most regions. Only in East Asia and in Eastern Europe this decline stalled in the 1980s. Differences in levels of gender inequality between regions remained large, however: Europe (including Eastern Europe) and the Western Offshoots performed best, although no country reached full gender equality. The Middle East and North Africa (mainly due to weak political rights) and South and Southeast Asia (due to skewed sex ratios at birth) performed worst.