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Good practices of sustainable livestock in the ecosystem of Páramo and Bosque Alto Andino, an alternative of resilience to climate change. ; Buenas prácticas de ganadería sostenible en ecosistema de Páramo y Bosque Alto Andino, una alternativa de resiliencia al cambio climático
El trabajo aborda la experiencia de la creación de una escuela de formación en ganadería sostenible, para capacitar a técnicos y productores de instituciones públicas, privadas y gobiernos parroquiales, que prestan sus servicios en la zona de amortiguamiento del Bosque Protector Corazón de Oro (BPCO), sur del Ecuador. El proceso formativo duró desde 2017 al 2019, abordando seis módulos de carácter teórico-práctico, tales como: Análisis sistémico del paisaje ganadero en el ecosistema Páramo y Bosque Alto Andino en Ecuador, cambio climático y ganadería, gobernanza e incentivos, asesoría a comunidades, manejo silvopastoriles y prácticas de ganadería sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos fue el incremento de buenas prácticas ganaderas en las fi ncas aledañas al BCPO, manejo y conservación adecuada de suelos y fuentes de agua, se suplementó parte de la alimentación de los animales, implementación de técnicas de reproducción animal, manejo de agroforestería y silvopasturas, y aplicación de herramientas y metodologías para realizar análisis económicos para mejora de las fincas. ; The work addresses the experience of creating a training school in sustainable livestock farming, to train technicians and producers from public and private institutions and parish governments, who provide their services in the buffer zone of the Golden Heart Protective Forest (BPCO), southern Ecuador. The training process lasted from 2017 to 2019, addressing six modules of a theoretical-practical nature such as: Systemic analysis of the livestock landscape in the Páramo and Alto Andino Forest ecosystems in Ecuador, climate change and livestock, governance and incentives, advice to communities, silvopastoral management and sustainable livestock practices. The results obtained were the increase of good practices in livestock farming in the farms surrounding the BCPO, proper management and conservation of soils and water sources. Part of the feeding of the animals was supplemented, implementation of animal reproduction techniques, agroforestry and silvopastoral management, and application of tools and methodologies to carry out economic analyzes for the improvement of farms.
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Prolate rotation and metallicity gradient in the transforming dwarf galaxy Phoenix
Transition type dwarf galaxies are thought to be systems undergoing the process of transformation from a star-forming into a passively evolving dwarf, which makes them particularly suitable to study evolutionary processes driving the existence of different dwarf morphological types. Here we present results from a spectroscopic survey of ∼200 individual red giant branch stars in the Phoenix dwarf, the closest transition type with a comparable luminosity to "classical" dwarf galaxies. We measure a systemic heliocentric velocity Vhelio = −21.2 ± 1.0 km s−1. Our survey reveals the clear presence of prolate rotation, which is aligned with the peculiar spatial distribution of the youngest stars in Phoenix. We speculate that both features might have arisen from the same event, possibly an accretion of a smaller system. The evolved stellar population of Phoenix is relatively metal-poor ( = − 1.49 ± 0.04 dex) and shows a large metallicity spread (σ[Fe/H] = 0.51 ± 0.04 dex), with a pronounced metallicity gradient of −0.13 ± 0.01 dex per arcmin similar to luminous, passive dwarf galaxies. We also report a discovery of an extremely metal-poor star candidate in Phoenix and discuss the importance of correcting for spatial sampling when interpreting the chemical properties of galaxies with metallicity gradients. This study presents a major leap forward in our knowledge of the internal kinematics of the Phoenix transition type dwarf galaxy, and the first wide area spectroscopic survey of its metallicity properties. ; This study was partially financially supported by a 2015 ESO DGDF grant. NK acknowledges financial support from IAC for a three-weeks visit to the institute. GB gratefully acknowledges support through a Marie- Curie action Intra European Fellowship, funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant agreement number PIEF-GA-2010-274151, as well as the financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under the Ramon y Cajal Programme (RYC-2012-11537). AC was supported by a fellowship from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA). This work made extensive use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System bibliographic services. This research used the facilities of the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre operated by the National Research Council of Canada with the support of the Canadian Space Agency. ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print
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Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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