Suchergebnisse

The two revenue-collecting services of the United States government offer interesting contrasts in the methods used for the administrative control of their respective field services. This arises in large part from the fact that the Bureau of Customs has been the more decentralized service. Ever since its establishment in 1789, and in the course of a long and continuous existence, it has built up a background of traditional decentralization which contrasts with the policy of centralization characterizing the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The latter service has a much shorter history, really beginning in 1862, although internal taxes were levied by the federal government from 1791 to 1802, and from 1813 to 1817. By virtue of the fact that Congress conferred administrative powers directly upon the commissioner of internal revenue, rather than upon the Secretary of the Treasury (as was done in the case of the customs service), a more integrated and centralized system of control has been used in the internal revenue service since the beginning of its existence.

Canadian Institutes of Health Research through the Project Grant competition PJT-153045. Jeremy Grimshaw holds a Canada Research Chair in Health Knowledge Transfer and Uptake. Charles Weijer holds a Canada Research Chair in Bioethics. Sarah Edwards is funded by the UCL/UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). Vipul Jairath hold a personal Endowed Chair at Western University (John and Susan McDonald Endowed Chair). Joanne McKenzie is supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (1143429). The University of Aberdeen's Health Services Research Unit is core-funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. Ian D Graham is a CIHR Foundation Grant recipient (FDN# 143237).