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Weaknesses in the enforcement of regulation have been targeted by the G-20 as a priority concern for reform. But enforcement efforts in securities markets have proven difficult and uneven. The recent scandal in the United States, wherein a Ponzi scheme orchestrated by Bernard Madoff went undetected by the U.S. authorities for more than two decades, has once again highlighted the importance of effective enforcement of securities regulation, as well as the challenges that securities regulators around the world face in implementing credible enforcement programs. While in many instances it is indi

This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of securities regulatory systems worldwide with a view to a better understanding of common problems and areas of global concern. We found that a consistent theme emerges regarding the lack of ability of regulators to effectively enforce compliance with existing rules and regulation. In many countries, a combination of factors, including insufficient legal authority, a lack of resources, political will and skills, has undermined the regulator's capacity to effectively execute regulation. This weakness is more acute in areas of increased technical

Recibido 12 de julio 2007 • Aprobado 15 de octubre 2007 Este ensayo muestra la realidad de los pueblos indígenas costarricenses en cuanto al dominio y promoción de su lengua original y la forma en que esta se toma en cuenta en los planes de estudio que se imparten en las escuelas de estas comunidades. Se afirma que el proceso educativo se desarrolla ajeno a la realidad idiomática y cultural de estos pueblos, y aun cuando se han realizado esfuerzos ministeriales, tienen debilidades que impiden avances significativos. Como resultado de estas deficiencias se genera un debilitamiento cultural que puede culminar con la pérdida de las lenguas nativas. ; This essay shows the reality of Costa Rican indigenous groups in terms of the mastery and promotion of their original tongue and the way this has been taken into account in the design of the curricula of their schools. In general, it is discussed that the educational process is developed disengaged of the idiomatic and cultural reality of these groups, even tough government efforts have been made in this direction. As a result of this educational deficiency, a cultural decline is generated that might end up with the loss of native languages.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause severe respiratory, enteric, and systemic infections in a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is the etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious intestinal disease affecting pigs of all ages. In this study, we optimized a viability real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for the selective detection of infectious and heat-inactivated PEDV. PEMAX™, EMA™, and PMAxx™ photoactivable dyes along with PtCl4 and CDDP platinum compounds were screened as viability markers using two RT-qPCR assays: firstly, on PEDV purified RNA, and secondly on infectious and thermally inactivated virus suspensions. Furthermore, PMAxx™ pretreatment matched the thermal inactivation pattern obtained by cell culture better than other viability markers. Finally, we further optimized the pretreatment by coupling viability markers with Triton X-100 in inoculated serum resulting in a better estimation of PEDV infectivity than RT-qPCR alone. Our study has provided a rapid analytical tool based on viability RT-qPCR to infer PEDV infectivity with potential application for feed and feed ingredients monitoring in swine industry. This development would allow for greater accuracy in epidemiological surveys and outbreak investigations. ; This study was supported by the program of the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA project E-RTA2015-0003-C02-02) of Spanish Government. HP was supported by FPU17/00466 predoctoral grant funded by Spanish Government. WR was supported by APOSTD/2018/150 postdoctoral grant funded by Generalitat Valenciana. ; Peer reviewed

Recibido 11 de setiembre 2007 • Aprobado 20 de noviembre 2007 Este trabajo analiza el tema de la participación como un medio de ejercer el derecho a la educación, como forma de democratizar el proceso educativo y como vía para lograr pertinencia en el proceso. Se asume, que los padres, madres, estudiantes y otros miembros de la comunidad deben estar cerca de la escuela y aula, no sólo para colaborar con las tareas que tradicionalmente se les asignan a estas personas, sino para desarrollar una nueva forma de participación, que involucre la construcción de los procesos educativos. Para lograr este propósito, los autores y autoras enuncian una serie de estrategias útiles para el acercamiento entre escuela y comunidad. ; This work analyses the participation as a way to exert the right to education, as a mean to democratize the learning process and as a channel to achieve pertinence in the educational process. It assumes that parents, students and other members of the community have to be near the school and the classroom not only to collaborate with the tasks traditionally assigned to them but also to develop a new way of participation that involves a construction process of the learning process. To achieve this purpose, the authors enunciate different strategies, useful to the get school and community together.

Este trabajo analiza el tema de la participación como un medio de ejercer el derecho a la educación, como forma de democratizar el proceso educativo y como vía para lograr pertinencia en el proceso. Se asume, que los padres, madres, estudiantes y otros miembros de la comunidad deben estar cerca de la escuela y aula, no sólo para colaborar con las tareas que tradicionalmente se les asignan a estas personas, sino para desarrollar una nueva forma de participación, que involucre la construcción de los procesos educativos. Para lograr este propósito, los autores y autoras enuncian una serie de estrategias útiles para el acercamiento entre escuela y comunidad.

A circular bioeconomy has become a global aspiration for governments in Europe and around the globe. This article pursues research questions concerning concrete innovations aiming to create bioeconomic transition options in Norway and presents results from a transdisciplinary investigation of Norwegian food industry cases involving processing of fish, meat, fruit, and vegetable co-streams aiming to capture or even increase use and value of residues from processing. It shows that while objectives of avoiding food losses and transforming co-streams to new products of higher value characterizes the poultry industry case and part of the 'blue' sector, challenges remain particularly in the 'whitefish' area where - also at the global level - a high share of fish resources ends as rest raw materials, i.e. not fully utilised. The investigation targeted strategic cases of innovations enabling alternative uses of co-streams: automation and scanning technologies for fractioning raw materials and co-streams into different qualities, a collection system for fish rest raw materials at sea, enzymatic hydrolysis, use of second grade vegetables for smoothies and potato peels for biodegradable plastics in the vegetable (potato) processing industries. The article shows how these innovations enable cascading and valorisation of co-streams and why an upcycling potential exists as well. Its main contribution is in demonstrating feasibility of transdisciplinary research and innovative options for bioeconomic transition towards sustainability. ; Nofima AS 10504 Norges forskningsråd 225349 ; acceptedVersion