Suchergebnisse

The greatest problem of the Directive is its approach of full harmonisation. The Directive will forces some Member States to lower their high protection standards. Member States will not have any regulatory freedom anymore! Under the pressure of consumer associations, Art 4 of the Directive changed from its previous minimum standard principle to the new principle of full harmonisation. Unless otherwise provided in the Directive, Member States are barred from introducing any deviating provisions in their national law. As a consequence, all the countries has to lower its consumer protection to the sometimes lower standard of the Directive. All the consumers, but also traders, will see some of their legal positions deteriorate. It is wrong to criticise the nation legislature for this development. The national parliaments are bound to correctly transpose EU law. Nevertheless, I deplore that the transition from minimum to full harmonisation leads to a deliberate reduction of the level of traveller protection in Member States. Should provisions of the full harmonisation Directive be sufficient to erode national standards that are firmly established? In our opinion, one should rather pay attention to the principle of subsidiarity underlying the EU Treaty of Lisbon (Art. 5 para 3 EUV and Protocol Nr. 2). The Treaty states in clear words that, in the future, the method of full harmonisation of EU consumer protection should only be used if there is a significant advantage over the measures at national level. I doubt that this is the case with respect to the Package Travel Directive. It is questionable whether there exists a common European market for package travel products in the first place. How many tourists book digitally or locally their package holiday in Spain with an English or French organiser? Almost nobody! ; Eshte/Inatel ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dynamic Capabilities are predominantly conceptualised as being based on routine, stable patterns of behaviour. This is paradoxical with their intended purpose to elicit change in firms' resource base and operational capabilities that allows them to face highly dynamic environments. I contribute to resolve this paradox by bringing the concept of duality to the Dynamic Capabilities debate. In particular, I argue that the view of Dynamic Capabilities as routines stems from the misconception that reliable outcomes can be attained only through stable mechanisms. Drawing on the literature on routine dynamics and on improvisation, as well as the empirical evidence of previous research, I propose a duality model that conceives Dynamic Capabilities as based both on routines and on improvisation. This duality perspective highlights the interdependence and complementarity between predictable stable routines and extemporaneous improvised actions that are both necessary to reliably achieve the (often radical) change needed to compete in highly dynamic environments. Rather than dealing with stable routines and improvisation as a trade-off, organisations must dynamically strive for the right balance, managing them concurrently and synergistically.

By signing the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICHC), states parties commit to implementing its guidelines in national contexts, adapting policies, procedures and heritage management systems to include the UNESCO principles and an understanding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), as well as considering community participation central to safeguarding processes. For many countries, this has resulted in framing new discourses, policies and practices that have contributed to a new reflection on how ICH is understood and how safeguarding is approached. Portugal is among the countries which, by ratifying the ICHC in 2008, set in motion a new heritage policy and governance framework for the safeguarding of ICH. This chapter presents an overview of the main steps taken in public polices concerning ICH, reflecting on the effects and challenges posed. This empirical study is based on the analysis of official documents (e.g., legislation and reports) and a literature review. The analysis presented herein may be significant to identify key issues in the implementation of ICHC in Portugal, and thus contribute to a comparative overview of the diverse approaches and effects generated by UNESCO. ; UIDB/00057/2020

Os direitos dos refugiados assumem uma relevância crescente na atualidade, em consequência do aumento dos movimentos migratórios.As Nações Unidas criaram uma Carta Mundial de Direitos Humanos, onde se inclui o direito de asilo e os direitos dos refugiados, na aprovação da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos2, de dois Pactos Internacionais sobre direitos humanos, da Convenção de Genebra sobre o Estatuto do Refugiado e da Declaração sobre Asilo Territorial.A União Europeia, através do Sistema Europeu Comum de Asilo, tem desenvolvido a proteção internacional de asilo e dos refugiados, que vai para além do que consagra o direito internacional.

The protection of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers has become an important issue in legal discourse. This is primarily due to rising migration levels, precipitated by greater political and economic instability in overseas nation states such as Syria for example, which has been embroiled in a protracted civil war that has left the country in shambles and its people with no hope for the better future. As a result of large-scale migratory movements in the EU space today, it is a major challenge for Member States to comply with the Geneva Convention and EU law concerning the protection of refugees and asylum seekers.

Since gaining independence from France in 1958, Guinea has remained relatively stable and has never experienced violent conflict. Until the bloodless military coup of 2008, it had had only two governments: the socialist administration of Sékou Touré (1958-1984) and the liberal regime of Lansana Conté (1984-2008). Despite some moves towards a more democratic system, including the adoption by referendum of a new constitution in 1990, the latter years of the Conté government were marked by bad governance, human rights violations, weak rule of law and impunity. This was compounded by the prolonged illness of the president, whose fitness to govern was widely doubted, and by 2003 there were fears that Guinea could become yet another failed state. The military junta headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara that assumed power following Conté's death in December 2008 promised a transition to democracy but hopes were shattered on 28 September 2009 when a peaceful demonstration was brutally suppressed, leaving 150 people dead. Nevertheless, when Dadis Camara was replaced by General Sékouba Konaté following an assassination attempt, transitional institutions were established to pave the way for elections. Despite political turmoil and technical challenges, Alpha Condé, a longstanding opposition leader, was elected president in December 2010 after what were considered to be the first ever credible elections in Guinea. ; This report forms part of the Noref project, supported by the Ford Foundation, on the internal and external dimensions of state fragility.

Resenha do livro de BARROS, Solange Maria de. Realismo crítico e emancipação humana – contribuições ontológicas e epistemológicas para os estudos críticos do discurso. Coleção: Linguagem e Sociedade Vol. 11. Campinas, SP: Pontes Editores, 178 páginas, 2015.