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12 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. ; Increasing anthropogenic pressures urge enhanced knowledge and understanding of the current state of marine biodiversity. This baseline information is pivotal to explore present trends, detect future modifications and propose adequate management actions for marine ecosystems. Coralligenous outcrops are a highly diverse and structurally complex deep-water habitat faced with major threats in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite its ecological, aesthetic and economic value, coralligenous biodiversity patterns are still poorly understood. There is currently no single sampling method that has been demonstrated to be sufficiently representative to ensure adequate community assessment and monitoring in this habitat. Therefore, we propose a rapid non-destructive protocol for biodiversity assessment and monitoring of coralligenous outcrops providing good estimates of its structure and species composition, based on photographic sampling and the determination of presence/absence of macrobenthic species. We used an extensive photographic survey, covering several spatial scales (100s of m to 100s of km) within the NW Mediterranean and including 2 different coralligenous assemblages: Paramuricea clavata (PCA) and Corallium rubrum assemblage (CRA). This approach allowed us to determine the minimal sampling area for each assemblage (5000 cm2 for PCA and 2500 cm2 for CRA). In addition, we conclude that 3 replicates provide an optimal sampling effort in order to maximize the species number and to assess the main biodiversity patterns of studied assemblages in variability studies requiring replicates. We contend that the proposed sampling approach provides a valuable tool for management and conservation planning, monitoring and research programs focused on coralligenous outcrops, potentially also applicable in other benthic ecosystems. ; The research was funded by the Spanish International Cooperation Agency for Development (AECID) (S. Kipson, Research Fellowship 2009-11), the French Government (Service de coope´ration et d'action culturelle) (S. Kipson, Fellowship 2007), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (E. Casas, Doctoral Fellowship), Parc National de Port-Cros, French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) (MEDCHANGE Project), the Total Foundation (MedDiversa Project) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Biorock project ref. CTM2009–08045). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed