Reactores nucleares
In: Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas, Heft 18, S. 525-538
ISSN: 2981-3018
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In: Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas, Heft 18, S. 525-538
ISSN: 2981-3018
En este trabajo presentamos los principales centros urbanos identificados en le valle de Supe, en base al reconocimiento realizado por los autores entre los años 1994 y 1995. Se adelantan algunas inferencias que deben ser consideradas todavía como preliminares en tanto no se realicen excavaciones en otros sitios del valle fuera de Cara!, establecimientos donde se vienen realizando excavaciones desde 1996 y en base a las cuales se ha confrontado esta información. Se plantea en este artículo, que durante el período Arcaico Tardío, existió en el valle de Supe un conjunto de centros urbanos, construido por una población que se hallaba culturalmente integrada, en el cual se habría formado el Estado prístino, con un gobierno unificado. ; In chis work che authors present the main urban centers identified in che Supe vallcy, bascd on che survcy made by chem among the years 1994 and 1995. They anticipare sorne inferences chat should stiJI be considered as preliminary as long as excavations are not carricd out in ocher sites of the valley outside of Caral, establishment where it is carrying out cxcavations from 1996 and bascd on which chis information has been confronted. In chis article che authors state that during the Late Archaic period, it existed in the Supe valley a group of urban centers, built by a population that was culturally integratcd, in which would have been formed the pristine State, with an unified government
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In Spain, Game Reserves (GR) are territorial public hunting management units that cover 3.5% of the country and ~ 10% of the Natura 2000 Network. The first GR were established in 1966 and by 2011 there were 49. Their primary purposes were to promote wild ungulate populations, their sustainable use, and to provide social, economic, and recreational benefits to local communities and hunters, generally. During the 1980s following a political federalization process, GR became the responsibility of regional governments and their role has never been evaluated, even though the political, rural ecological, and administrative frameworks underwent substantial changes. In this paper, we present a review of the state of GR in 2011, identify their successes and problems, and provide recommendations for the future. The GR have been fundamental to sustainable hunting and the protection of wildlife, particularly, game species. Currently, their virtues are not widely appreciated and they do not receive sufficient financial and human resources to meet their objective fully. We propose several initiatives that might improve the use of existing resources and increase the profile of these publicly managed areas. ; Las Reservas de Caza (RC) constituyen una figura de gestión cinegética pública del territorio en España. Abarcan el 3.5% del territorio y ocupan aproximadamente el 10% de la Red Natura 2000. Su declaración comenzó en 1966, y desde entonces no ha cesado, llegando en la actualidad a las 49 RC. Fueron creadas esencialmente para la promoción de las poblaciones de ungulados silvestres, el aprovechamiento ordenado de este recurso y la satisfacción social, económica y recreativa de las comunidades locales y de los cazadores en general. Quedaron fuera de la tutela del estado tras su descentralización a partir de principios de los años ochenta del pasado siglo, y su función en conjunto no ha sido nunca evaluada, al tiempo que el panorama político, rural, ecológico y administrativo ha sufrido profundos cambios. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una panorámica actualizada de la situación de las RC a principios del siglo XXI, evaluar sus logros y problemática actual, así como proponer algunas actuaciones para el futuro inmediato. Las RC han sido pioneras en el aprovechamiento sostenible de la caza y de gran utilidad para la protección de la fauna en general y las especies cinegéticas en concreto. Actualmente no gozan del reconocimiento popular, y no reciben los recursos necesarios económicos y humanos suficientes para seguir cumpliendo su función adecuadamente. Se proponen una serie de medidas para aprovechar mejor los recursos disponibles y poder dar a conocer a la sociedad el valor de estos terrenos de gestión pública.
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In recent years, forecasting activities have become an important tool in designing and optimising large-scale structure surveys. To predict the performance of such surveys, the Fisher matrix formalism is frequently used as a fast and easy way to compute constraints on cosmological parameters. Among them lies the study of the properties of dark energy which is one of the main goals in modern cosmology. As so, a metric for the power of a survey to constrain dark energy is provided by the figure of merit (FoM). This is defined as the inverse of the surface contour given by the joint variance of the dark energy equation of state parameters fw0;wag in the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parameterization, which can be evaluated from the covariance matrix of the parameters. This covariance matrix is obtained as the inverse of the Fisher matrix. The inversion of an ill-conditioned matrix can result in large errors on the covariance coe cients if the elements of the Fisher matrix are estimated with insu cient precision. The conditioning number is a metric providing a mathematical lower limit to the required precision for a reliable inversion, but it is often too stringent in practice for Fisher matrices with sizes greater than 2 2. In this paper, we propose a general numerical method to guarantee a certain precision on the inferred constraints, such as the FoM. It consists of randomly vibrating (perturbing) the Fisher matrix elements with Gaussian perturbations of a given amplitude and then evaluating the maximum amplitude that keeps the FoM within the chosen precision. The steps used in the numerical derivatives and integrals involved in the calculation of the Fisher matrix elements can then be chosen accordingly in order to keep the precision of the Fisher matrix elements below this maximum amplitude. We illustrate our approach by forecasting stage IV spectroscopic surveys cosmological constraints from the galaxy power spectrum. We infer the range of steps for which the Fisher matrix approach is numerically reliable. We explicitly check that using steps that are larger by a factor of two produce an inaccurate estimation of the constraints. We further validate our approach by comparing the Fisher matrix contours to those obtained with a Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) approach – in the case where the MCMC posterior distribution is close to a Gaussian – and finding excellent agreement between the two approaches. ; MIUR through Rita Levi Montalcini project 'PROMETHEUS - Probing and Relating Observables with Multi-wavelength Experiments To Help Enlightening the Universe's Structure' Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) 80NM0018D0004 Spanish Government ESP2017-89838-C3-1-R H2020 programme of the European Commission 776247 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) MR/S016066/1 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1200171 UKRI MR/S016066/1 Funding Data Source:UKRI Appeared in source as:UKRI Total Award Amount: £1,199,608.00 GBP Grant Project Title:Exploring the Universe with radio and optical galaxy surveys Start Date (YYYY-MM-DD): 2019-04-30 End Date (YYYY-MM-DD): 2023-04-29 Grant Status:Active Principal Investigator:Alkistis Pourtsidou Unique Identifier: 0000-0001-9110-5550 Principal Investigator Institution:Queen Mary, University of London ; Versión publicada - versión final del editor
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Context. Stage IV weak lensing experiments will offer more than an order of magnitude leap in precision. We must therefore ensure that our analyses remain accurate in this new era. Accordingly, previously ignored systematic effects must be addressed.Aims. In this work, we evaluate the impact of the reduced shear approximation and magnification bias on information obtained from the angular power spectrum. To first-order, the statistics of reduced shear, a combination of shear and convergence, are taken to be equal to those of shear. However, this approximation can induce a bias in the cosmological parameters that can no longer be neglected. A separate bias arises from the statistics of shear being altered by the preferential selection of galaxies and the dilution of their surface densities in high-magnification regions.Methods. The corrections for these systematic effects take similar forms, allowing them to be treated together. We calculated the impact of neglecting these effects on the cosmological parameters that would be determined from Euclid, using cosmic shear tomography. To do so, we employed the Fisher matrix formalism, and included the impact of the super-sample covariance. We also demonstrate how the reduced shear correction can be calculated using a lognormal field forward modelling approach.Results. These effects cause significant biases in Omega (m), sigma (8), n(s), Omega (DE), w(0), and w(a) of -0.53 sigma, 0.43 sigma, -0.34 sigma, 1.36 sigma, -0.68 sigma, and 1.21 sigma, respectively. We then show that these lensing biases interact with another systematic effect: the intrinsic alignment of galaxies. Accordingly, we have developed the formalism for an intrinsic alignment-enhanced lensing bias correction. Applying this to Euclid, we find that the additional terms introduced by this correction are sub-dominant. ; Royal Society of London NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship UK Science and Technologies Facilities Council National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) European Space Agency Academy of Finland Italian Space Agency (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Helmholtz Association German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Danish Space Research Institute Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology Spanish Government Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norwegian Space Agency Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency
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Context. In metric theories of gravity with photon number conservation, the luminosity and angular diameter distances are related via the Etherington relation, also known as the distance duality relation (DDR). A violation of this relation would rule out the standard cosmological paradigm and point to the presence of new physics.Aims. We quantify the ability of Euclid, in combination with contemporary surveys, to improve the current constraints on deviations from the DDR in the redshift range 0< z< 1.6.Methods. We start with an analysis of the latest available data, improving previously reported constraints by a factor of 2.5. We then present a detailed analysis of simulated Euclid and external data products, using both standard parametric methods (relying on phenomenological descriptions of possible DDR violations) and a machine learning reconstruction using genetic algorithms.Results. We find that for parametric methods Euclid can (in combination with external probes) improve current constraints by approximately a factor of six, while for non-parametric methods Euclid can improve current constraints by a factor of three.Conclusions. Our results highlight the importance of surveys like Euclid in accurately testing the pillars of the current cosmological paradigm and constraining physics beyond the standard cosmological model. ; La Caixa Foundation 100010434 LCF/BQ/PI19/11690015 Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion through the grant "IFT Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa" SEV-2016-0597 FEDER -Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 -Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI) Portuguese funds through FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987 Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program SEV-2016-059 Spanish Government RYC-2014-15843 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1200171 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities ESP2017-89838-C3-1-R H2020 programme of the European Commission 776247 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) ST/P000703/1 European Research Council (ERC) 769130 Academy of Finland European Commission Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Helmholtz Association German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Danish Space Research Institute Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European Commission Spanish Government National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norwegian Space Agency Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space O ffice (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency PGC2018-094773-B-C32
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The Complete Calibration of the Colour-Redshift Relation survey (C3R2) is a spectroscopic e ffort involving ESO and Keck facilities designed specifically to empirically calibrate the galaxy colour-redshift relation - P(z jC) to the Euclid depth (iAB = 24 :5) and is intimately linked to the success of upcoming Stage IV dark energy missions based on weak lensing cosmology. The aim is to build a spectroscopic calibration sample that is as representative as possible of the galaxies of the Euclid weak lensing sample. In order to minimise the number of spectroscopic observations necessary to fill the gaps in current knowledge of the P(z jC), self-organising map (SOM) representations of the galaxy colour space have been constructed. Here we present the first results of an ESO@VLT Large Programme approved in the context of C3R2, which makes use of the two VLT optical and near-infrared multi-object spectrographs, FORS2 and KMOS. This data release paper focuses on high-quality spectroscopic redshifts of high-redshift galaxies observed with the KMOS spectrograph in the near-infrared H- and K-bands. A total of 424 highly-reliable redshifts are measured in the 1:3 2 galaxies. ; European Space Agency European Commission Academy of Finland European Commission Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Helmholtz Association German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Danish Space Research Institute Fundacao para a Cienca e a Tecnologia Spanish Government National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norvegian Space Center Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency ESO programme 199.A-0732 Helmholtz Association German Aerospace Centre (DLR) 50 QE 1101 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities ESP2017-89838-C3-1-R H2020 programme of the European Commission 776247 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) European Commission PRIN MIUR 2015 "Cosmology and Fundamental Physics: Illuminating the Dark Universe with Euclid"
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Aims. The Euclid space telescope will measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies to reconstruct the expansion history of the Universe and the growth of cosmic structures. The estimation of the expected performance of the experiment, in terms of predicted constraints on cosmological parameters, has so far relied on various individual methodologies and numerical implementations, which were developed for different observational probes and for the combination thereof. In this paper we present validated forecasts, which combine both theoretical and observational ingredients for different cosmological probes. This work is presented to provide the community with reliable numerical codes and methods for Euclid cosmological forecasts.Methods. We describe in detail the methods adopted for Fisher matrix forecasts, which were applied to galaxy clustering, weak lensing, and the combination thereof. We estimated the required accuracy for Euclid forecasts and outline a methodology for their development. We then compare and improve different numerical implementations, reaching uncertainties on the errors of cosmological parameters that are less than the required precision in all cases. Furthermore, we provide details on the validated implementations, some of which are made publicly available, in different programming languages, together with a reference training-set of input and output matrices for a set of specific models. These can be used by the reader to validate their own implementations if required.Results. We present new cosmological forecasts for Euclid. We find that results depend on the specific cosmological model and remaining freedom in each setting, for example flat or non-flat spatial cosmologies, or different cuts at non-linear scales. The numerical implementations are now reliable for these settings. We present the results for an optimistic and a pessimistic choice for these types of settings. We demonstrate that the impact of cross-correlations is particularly relevant for models beyond a cosmological constant and may allow us to increase the dark energy figure of merit by at least a factor of three. ; Academy of Finland European Commission Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-and Raumfahrt Danish Space Research Institute Fundacao para a Cienca e a Tecnologia Spanish Government National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) 80NM0018D0004 Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norvegian Space Center Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space O ffice (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) L. 232/2016 European Research Council through the Darklight Advanced Research Grant 291521 Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) European Commission NASA ROSES grant 12-EUCLID12-0004 UK Science & Technology Facilities Council ST/N000668/1 ST/S000437/1 UK Space Agency ST/N00180X/1 D-ITP consortium, a program of the NWO - the OCW Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1200171 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities ESP2017-89838-C3-1-R H2020 programme of the European Commission 776247 German Research Foundation (DFG) Transregio 33 International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne Bonn-Cologne Graduate School for Physics and Astronomy Royal Society of London European Research Council (ERC) 617656
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Forthcoming large photometric surveys for cosmology require precise and accurate photometric redshift (photo-z) measurements for the success of their main science objectives. However, to date, no method has been able to produce photo-zs at the required accuracy using only the broad-band photometry that those surveys will provide. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current methods is a crucial step in the eventual development of an approach to meet this challenge. We report on the performance of 13 photometric redshift code single value redshift estimates and redshift probability distributions (PDZs) on a common set of data, focusing particularly on the 0.2-2.6 redshift range that the Euclid mission will probe. We designed a challenge using emulated Euclid data drawn from three photometric surveys of the COSMOS field. The data was divided into two samples: one calibration sample for which photometry and redshifts were provided to the participants; and the validation sample, containing only the photometry to ensure a blinded test of the methods. Participants were invited to provide a redshift single value estimate and a PDZ for each source in the validation sample, along with a rejection flag that indicates the sources they consider unfit for use in cosmological analyses. The performance of each method was assessed through a set of informative metrics, using cross-matched spectroscopic and highly-accurate photometric redshifts as the ground truth. We show that the rejection criteria set by participants are efficient in removing strong outliers, that is to say sources for which the photo-z deviates by more than 0.15(1+z) from the spectroscopic-redshift (spec-z). We also show that, while all methods are able to provide reliable single value estimates, several machine-learning methods do not manage to produce useful PDZs. We find that no machine-learning method provides good results in the regions of galaxy color-space that are sparsely populated by spectroscopic-redshifts, for example z> 1. However they generally perform better than template-fitting methods at low redshift (z< 0.7), indicating that template-fitting methods do not use all of the information contained in the photometry. We introduce metrics that quantify both photo-z precision and completeness of the samples (post-rejection), since both contribute to the final figure of merit of the science goals of the survey (e.g., cosmic shear from Euclid). Template-fitting methods provide the best results in these metrics, but we show that a combination of template-fitting results and machine-learning results with rejection criteria can outperform any individual method. On this basis, we argue that further work in identifying how to best select between machine-learning and template-fitting approaches for each individual galaxy should be pursued as a priority. ; Sinergia program of the Swiss National Science Foundation German Research Foundation (DFG) Ts 17/2-1 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) 2018-23-HH.0 1.05.01.88.04 European Space Agency European Commission Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Canadian Euclid Consortium Centre National D'etudes Spatiales Danish Space Research Institute Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology European Commission Spanish Government National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie Norwegian Space Agency Romanian Space Agency State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space O ffice (SSO) United Kingdom Space Agency
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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