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In Vietnam, the economic reforms of the late 1980s marked the transition from collectivist to small family farming in a few years. In mountain areas, the speed of these changes combined with the diversity of natural and human environments has led to complex dynamics of land use, which call into question monographic approaches to land diagnosis. Since 1998, an interdisciplinary research team has developed a diagnostic method in Bac Kan province based on analysis and representation of interactions between individual farmer strategies, institutions regulating access to and use of resources, and the biophysical and socio-economic environment. It combines several tools for systemic analysis: monography studies, multi-agent models, role games and geographical information systems. ; International audience ; In Vietnam, the economic reforms of the late 1980s marked the transition from collectivist to small family farming in a few years. In mountain areas, the speed of these changes combined with the diversity of natural and human environments has led to complex dynamics of land use, which call into question monographic approaches to land diagnosis. Since 1998, an interdisciplinary research team has developed a diagnostic method in Bac Kan province based on analysis and representation of interactions between individual farmer strategies, institutions regulating access to and use of resources, and the biophysical and socio-economic environment. It combines several tools for systemic analysis: monography studies, multi-agent models, role games and geographical information systems. ; Au Viêt-nam, les réformes économiques de la fin des années 1980 ont marqué en quelques années le passage d'une agriculture collectiviste à une petite agriculture familiale. Dans les zones de montagne, la vitesse de ces changements conjuguée à la diversité des milieux naturels et humains a conduit à des dynamiques complexes d'utilisation des terres, qui remettent en cause les approches monographiques de diagnostic agraire. Depuis 1998, une ...

Différents mécanismes d'intervention sont proposés pour transformer les paysages agricoles de manière à ce qu'ils remplissent de multiples fonctions, compatibles avec les objectifs du développement durable. Dans le cas de l'atténuation et de l'adaptation au changement climatique, des politiques incitatives et des mécanismes de rémunération des acteurs locaux sont promues dans le cadre des initiatives REDD+. Sur le terrain, ces interventions visent à assurer simultanément la fourniture de services écosystémiques et le maintien, voire l'amélioration, des moyens d'existence locaux. Dans cet article, nous explorons le rôle que peut jouer l'évaluation participative dans la mise en oeuvre de paiements pour services environnementaux au sein de communautés rurales d'Indonésie, du Laos, du Vietnam et de Chine. Engagées dans un processus d'intégration rapide à l'économie de marché, ces communautés ont transformé leurs systèmes d'abattis-brûlis traditionnels pour s'orienter vers différentes voies d'intensification agricole au cours des dernières années. L'évaluation positive ou négative de ces évolutions fait nécessairement l'objet de jugements de valeur dans les choix effectués entre différentes options possibles. La formulation de ces options en termes de services écosystémiques rendus permet de comparer les trajectoires paysagères et leur impact sur les conditions de vie locales. Sur ces bases, les communautés peuvent explorer des scénarios de transformation de leurs pratiques agricoles, négocier des compromis entre services écosystémiques et identifier les " gagnants " et les " perdants " potentiels. Ces simulations ont montré l'importance du calendrier de mise en place des programmes REDD+ par rapport aux transformations agraires en cours. Elles pointent le risque de s'éloigner des ambitions initiales d'un impact sur les émissions de carbone pour devenir un instrument supplémentaire de développement durable.

Starting from the early 1990s, a multitude of national and regional initiatives have emerged in the Great Mekong Sub-Region for supporting ecological intensification of agriculture or agroecology. The French Agency for Development (AFD) has been a very active supporter of these initiatives, especially in relation to the promotion of Conservation Agriculture and the establishment of the Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia (CANSEA). In addition to its initial focus on Conservation Agriculture and with the objective of widening the scope of agroecology by including all other "schools" such as Organic Agriculture, Agroforestry, Integrated Pest Management, System of Rice Intensification…, the AFD commissioned a study to better understand regional and national agroecology dynamics and initiatives, their strengths and weaknesses as well as the main issues at stake for their large scale dissemination. The authors conducted this study in 2013 in the six countries of the GMS, through a review of the literature combined with country based consultation workshops in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam and expert surveys in Thailand and Yunnan-China. This publication aims at sharing some of the study's key findings, and at providing a broad, yet non-exhaustive, overview of the current situation of agroecology in the Great Mekong Region.

In Southeast Asia, the rapid expansion of boom crops like hybrid maize, rubber, oil palm, or banana, has brought about daunting environmental and socioeconomic impacts such as deforestation, land degradation, and indebtedness. Why do farmers engage in and keep on pursuing this farming strategy despite the adverse effects on local landscapes and livelihoods? In the context of the northern uplands of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), we developed an innovative approach to understanding the decisions that lead to the emergence of the maize boom. We successively studied the adoption, expansion, intensification, diversification, and abandonment of intensive maize practices in locations in which these phases were ongoing at the time of study. To better contextualize decision making, we designed and applied local, serious games with farmers in seven different villages that were going through a maize boom. Then we designed a metagame that summarized our findings across all decision phases and local games in a generalized form. National agricultural experts validated the structure of the metagame by taking on the role of farmers and they witnessed that their cumulative decision making within the metagame lead to a maize boom too. Core findings include: (1) the maize boom and bust can be reproduced in a game environment that simulates the change of six factor combinations; and (2) Farmers in northern Laos reinvest maize profits into their long-term, socioeconomic goals. The approach presented combines micro- and macrolevel analysis of land-use change. On the one hand, it allows the exploration of the local, social-ecological contexts of land-use decisions. On the other hand, it provides a systematic procedure to scale up, generalize, and test the contextual knowledge and systemic understanding of a complex, large-scale land-use change process.

With the growing concern about food security in the northern uplands of Laos, it is critical to address the issue of sustainable intensification of food production. The objective of the study was to characterize the variability in rice cropping practices and to evaluate their performance and sustainability in Lao PDR. One, name d Sustainable Rice System (SRS), was promoted by a national NGO as an adaptation of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to the local agro-ecological conditions. This innovation was compared to traditional rice growing practices in the study area in Kham Di strict, Xieng Khouang Province. The study has enabled actors to better understand the real diversity of practices. We found a distinct ion between single seedling and multiple seedling transplanting practices. Then, focusing on single seedling transplanting (referred as SRS), the study demonstrated that despite no signify cant yield increase, farmers are interested in adopting it because it provides other benefits. These are notably the increase in the return on labor (57.8%) and savings on the global labor requirement (28.4%). As labor scarcity is and will remain the main concern for Lao farmers, our study shows the importance of considering performance indicators beyond crop yields. Regarding the environmental aspect of SRS, our results highlight that the common use of chemical fertilizer does not really fit with agroecological principles. Nevertheless, the significant increase in the use of manure in comparison with other practices can anticipate a positive trend in term of environmental conservation.

In Southeast Asia, the rapid expansion of boom crops like hybrid maize, rubber, oil palm, or banana, has brought about daunting environmental and socioeconomic impacts such as deforestation, land degradation, and indebtedness. Why do farmers engage in and keep on pursuing this farming strategy despite the adverse effects on local landscapes and livelihoods? In the context of the northern uplands of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), we developed an innovative approach to understanding the decisions that lead to the emergence of the maize boom. We successively studied the adoption, expansion, intensification, diversification, and abandonment of intensive maize practices in locations in which these phases were ongoing at the time of study. To better contextualize decision making, we designed and applied local, serious games with farmers in seven different villages that were going through a maize boom. Then we designed a metagame that summarized our findings across all decision phases and local games in a generalized form. National agricultural experts validated the structure of the metagame by taking on the role of farmers and they witnessed that their cumulative decision making within the metagame lead to a maize boom too. Core findings include: (1) the maize boom and bust can be reproduced in a game environment that simulates the change of six factor combinations; and (2) Farmers in northern Laos reinvest maize profits into their long-term, socioeconomic goals. The approach presented combines micro-and macrolevel analysis of land-use change. On the one hand, it allows the exploration of the local, social-ecological contexts of land-use decisions. On the other hand, it provides a systematic procedure to scale up, generalize, and test the contextual knowledge and systemic understanding of a complex, large-scale land-use change process.

Revue électronique ; Texte mis en ligne le 13 janvier 2005 ;Résumé et Texte intégral disponibles sur : http://cybergeo.revues.org/2831 ; International audience ; L'extrême diversité des écosystèmes de montagne au nord du Vietnam est à l'origine d'un impact différencié des politiques agricoles nationales selon les situations locales. Une approche géographique régionale, combinée avec des études monographiques locales, permet d'analyser les relations entre l'évolution des paysages et le développement rural. Elle met en évidence le rôle déterminant des caractéristiques structurelles des paysages sur le fonctionnement des agrosystèmes villageois. Les villages où dominent les vallées rizicoles irriguées sont généralement compacts et facilement accessibles alors que les villages où domine la forêt sont beaucoup plus étendus et difficiles d'accès. Les réformes économiques du Doi moi, durant les décennies 1980 et 1990, ont touché essentiellement les villages du premier type, peuplés majoritairement de familles des groupes ethniques Tày et Kinh, alors que les seconds, principalement Dao et H'Mong, ont été marginalisés.Des critères discriminants entre villages aux trajectoires contrastées permettent de classer les villages, à l'échelle du district, en fonction des thèmes d'intervention proposés.

Revue électronique ; Texte mis en ligne le 13 janvier 2005 ;Résumé et Texte intégral disponibles sur : http://cybergeo.revues.org/2831 ; International audience ; L'extrême diversité des écosystèmes de montagne au nord du Vietnam est à l'origine d'un impact différencié des politiques agricoles nationales selon les situations locales. Une approche géographique régionale, combinée avec des études monographiques locales, permet d'analyser les relations entre l'évolution des paysages et le développement rural. Elle met en évidence le rôle déterminant des caractéristiques structurelles des paysages sur le fonctionnement des agrosystèmes villageois. Les villages où dominent les vallées rizicoles irriguées sont généralement compacts et facilement accessibles alors que les villages où domine la forêt sont beaucoup plus étendus et difficiles d'accès. Les réformes économiques du Doi moi, durant les décennies 1980 et 1990, ont touché essentiellement les villages du premier type, peuplés majoritairement de familles des groupes ethniques Tày et Kinh, alors que les seconds, principalement Dao et H'Mong, ont été marginalisés.Des critères discriminants entre villages aux trajectoires contrastées permettent de classer les villages, à l'échelle du district, en fonction des thèmes d'intervention proposés.

A comparative analysis of agroecology network led to a classification based on their conditions of emergence, their structure and governance mechanisms. The study points the strengths and weaknesses of the existing networks at the different scales. It shows that the different agroecology schools are not necessarily well coordinated at each level (national, regional, global) nor across levels for each agroecology school. The activities of a regional agroecology learning alliance should be grounded in strong national networks and endorsed by global networks.