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This paper contextualizes the "Access to Waxes" workshop and publications within the broader context of the ongoing debates in ethnomusicology and related disciplines about the ethics and politics of historical sound recordings, archives, acoustic memory, cultural rights, intellectual property, musical repatriation, and access. Selected initiatives on the topic spearheaded by the two major scholarly societies focusing on the transdisciplinary study of music, the ICTMD and the Society for Ethnomusicology, are referred to. The contribution also critically evaluates the categorization and labeling of music in archives (like the term "Arab/Arabic music") and emphasizes the need for a critical study of historical sound recordings like the collections of the Berlin Phonogrammarchiv. This would involve collaboration with source communities and local institutions ideally leading to the development of shared research practices and creating the conditions to access, revitalize, and sustain their musical heritage.

"What does music in Spain and Portugal reveal about the relationship between national and regional identity building? How do various actors use music to advance nationalism? How have state and international heritage regimes contributed to nationalist and regionalist projects? In this collection, contributors explore these and other essential questions from a range of interdisciplinary vantage points. The essays pay particular attention to the role played by the state in deciding what music represents Spanish or Portuguese identity. Case studies examine many aspects of the issue, including local recording networks, so-called national style in popular music, and music's role in both political protest and heritage regimes. Topics include the ways the Franco and Salazar regimes adapted music to align with their ideological agendas; the twenty-first century impact of Spain and Portugal on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage program; and the tensions that arise between institutions and community in creating and recreating meanings and identity around music"--