Suchergebnisse

El artículo aborda la pregunta sobre la existencia de un marxismo en Colombia, con una respuesta provisoria relacionada con la articulación de un «taller» compuesto por intelectuales orgánicos y académicos que construyeron, en desarrollo de encendidas polémicas, un marxismo práctico que buscó una revolución socialista. Propone el análisis sobre núcleos intelectuales que desarrollaron los procesos de edición y publicación, y por supuesto de formulación académica y política de las ideas de Marx, en relación con la interpretación de las relaciones sociales en el proceso capitalista en Colombia. Se describen las corrientes, la síntesis de sus aportes, se detallan algunos de los principales exponentes, que conformaron el «taller» de un marxismo práctico: anticolonial y antimperialista. Un proceso que elaboró una nueva historia de Colombia explicó el proceso capitalista y fue parte del movimiento real, con grandes tensiones como la ortodoxa alineación internacional como camino para la vía socialista.

El hecho de aproximarse a la comprensión del concepto de "democracia" y las variables que de ésta se desprenden, para darle forma al cuerpo que se materializa socialmente, resulta un proceso, aún hoy día, complejo. No solo por el proceso de abstracción, sino por la multiplicidad de formas de democracia realmente existentes. Encontrar los elementos que constituyen el sustrato conceptual de la democracia, o más bien de las democracias, apremia la revisión teórica sobre las democracias contemporáneas realmente existentes.

Este artículo defiende que aunque la noción de pobreza absoluta aún debe ser un ingrediente esencial en la evaluación de la calidad de vida de los países en desarrollo y en transición, es hora de que la pobreza relativa comience a ser sistemáticamente estimada para esos mismos países. Esta recomendación se aplica a México durante el período 1992-2004, cuando en 2000 el gobierno de Fox determinó oficialmente por primera vez una línea de pobreza absoluta. Como en el Segundo Programa Europeo de Pobreza a fines de los años ochenta, la línea de pobreza relativa se fija en 50% de la media del gasto equivalente. Las pobrezas absoluta y la relativa se comportan de maneras opuestas durante el ciclo 1992-2000, pero ambas descienden significativamente durante el período de estancamiento 2000-2004. La pobreza relativa es mayor que la absoluta desde 1992 a 1994, menor durante 1996-1998, y mayor de nuevo en 2000-2004. En cualquier caso, la pobreza relativa en México es mucho mayor que la pobreza relativa en los países desarrollados.

This paper reviews a number of recent contributions that demonstrate that a blend of welfare economics and statistical analysis is useful in the evaluation of the citations received by scientific papers in the periodical literature. The paper begins by clarifying the role of citation analysis in the evaluation of research. Next, a summary of results about the citation distributions' basic features at different aggregation levels is offered. These results indicate that citation distributions share the same broad shape, are highly skewed, and are often crowned by a power law. In light of this evidence, a novel methodology for the evaluation of research units is illustrated by comparing the high- and low-citation impact achieved by the US, the European Union, and the rest of the world in 22 scientific fields. However, contrary to recent claims, it is shown that mean normalization at the sub-field level does not lead to a universal distribution. Nevertheless, among other topics subject to ongoing research, it appears that this lack of universality does not preclude sensible normalization procedures to compare the citation impact of articles in different scientific fields.

This paper reviews a number of recent contributions that demonstrate that a blend of welfare economics and statistical analysis is useful in the evaluation of the citations received by scientific papers in the periodical literature. The paper begins by clarifying the role of citation analysis in the evaluation of research. Next, a summary of results about the citation distributions' basic features at different aggregation levels is offered. These results indicate that citation distributions share the same broad shape, are highly skewed, and are often crowned by a power law. In light of this evidence, a novel methodology for the evaluation of research units is illustrated by comparing the high- and low-citation impact achieved by the U.S., the European Union, and the rest of the world in 22 scientific fields. However, contrary to recent claims, it is shown that mean normalization at the sub-field level does not lead to a universal distribution. Nevertheless, among other topics subject to ongoing research, it appears that this lack of universality does not preclude sensible normalization procedures to compare the citation impact of articles in different scientific fields. ; European Community's Seventh Framework Program ; The author acknowledges financial support from Santander Universities Global Division of Banco Santander, as well as from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007-67436. This paper is part of the SCIFI-GLOW Collaborative Project supported by the European Commission's Seventh Research Framework Programme, Contract no. SSH7-CT-2008-217436.

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com ; This paper reviews a number of recent contributions that demonstrate that a blend of welfare economics and statistical analysis is useful in the evaluation of the citations received by scientifi papers in the periodical literature. The paper begins by clarifying the role of citation analysis in the evaluation of research. Next, a summary of results about the citation distributions' basic features at different aggregation levels is offered. These results indicate that citation distributions share the same broad shape, are highly skewed, and are often crowned by a power law. In light of this evidence, a novel methodology for the evaluation of research units is illustrated by comparing the high- and low-citation impact achieved by the US, the European Union, and the rest of the world in 22 scientifi fields However, contrary to recent claims, it is shown that mean normalization at the sub-fiel level does not lead to a universal distribution. Nevertheless, among other topics subject to ongoing research, it appears that this lack of universality does not preclude sensible normalization procedures to compare the citation impact of articles in different scientifi fields ; European Community's Seventh Framework Program ; The author acknowledges financia support from Santander Universities Global Division of Banco Santander, as well as from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007-67436 This paper is part of the SCIFI-GLOW Collaborative Project supported by the European Commission's Seventh Research Framework Programme, Contract no SSH7-CT-2008-217436 ; Publicado

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un balance global de los procesos electorales estatales realizados en Mexico en el ano de 1992

Although there is growing interest in studying the long‐ignored relationship between stratification and race in Chile, racial bias in person perception remains unknown. We hypothesize that the segregation of the Chilean school system generated a prestige order in which pupils are differentiated by status characteristics according to the type of school they attend, and that these evaluations are based on racial traits. To test this hypothesis, we study whether facial appearance is sufficient to impute the type of school a pupil is attending, and whether these categorizations evoke different status evaluations of wealth and morality based on race. Results confirm that participants' perceptions of facial appearance allow them to situate pupils in the Chilean social structure. Faces categorized as studying at different types of schools varied in their perceived wealth. However, the relationship between moral traits and types of schools was weak. We also found evidence of racial bias in the participants' perceptions of pupils' faces: faces categorized as enrolled in municipal schools (low status) were judged with Amerindian or mestizo racial traits, while faces categorized as attending private fee‐paying schools (high status) were judged with white racial traits. We did not find a relationship between race and morality.

This paper evaluates the European Paradox according to which Europe plays a leading world role in terms of scientific excellence, measured in terms of the number of publications, but lacks the entrepreneurial capacity of the U.S. to transform this excellent performance into innovation, growth, and jobs. Citation distributions for the U.S., the European Union (EU), and the rest of the world are evaluated using a pair of high- and low-impact indicators, as well as the mean citation rate. The dataset consists of 3.6 million articles published in 1998-2002 with a common five-year citation window. The analysis is carried at a low aggregation level: the 219 sub-fields identified with the Web of Science categories distinguished by Thomson Scientific. The problems posed by international co-authorship and the multiple assignments of articles to sub-fields are solved following a multiplicative strategy. In the first place, we find that, although the EU has more publications than the U.S. in 113 out of 219 sub-fields, the U.S. is ahead of the EU in 189 and 163 sub-fields in terms of the high- and low-impact indicators. In the second place, we verify that using the high-impact indicator the U.S./EU gap is usually greater than when using the mean citation rate. ; European Community's Seventh Framework Program ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Santander Universities Global Division of Banco Santander. Ruiz-Castillo also acknowledges financial help from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007-67436

This paper evaluates the European Paradox according to which Europe plays a leading world role in terms of scientific excellence, measured in terms of the number of publications, but lacks the entrepreneurial capacity of the US to transform this excellent performance into innovation, growth, and jobs. Citation distributions for the US, the European Union (EU), and the Rest of the World are evaluated using a pair of high and low impact indicators, as well as the mean citation rate (MCR). The dataset consists of 3.6 million articles published in 1998 2002 with a common 5 year citation window. The analysis is carried at a low aggregation level, namely, the 219 sub fields identified with the Web of Science categories distinguished by Thomson Scientific. The problems posed by international co authorship and the multiple assignments of articles to sub fields are solved following a multiplicative strategy. We find that, although the EU has more publications than the US in 113 out of 219 sub fields, the US is ahead of the EU in 189 sub fields in terms of the high impact indicator, and in 163 sub fields in terms of the low impact indicator. Finally, we verify that using the high impact indicator the US/EU gap is usually greater than when using the MCR. ; Ruiz Castillo also acknowledges financial help from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007 67436 ; Publicado

This paper investigates the citation impact of three large geographical areas –the U.S., the European Union (EU), and the rest of the world (RW)– at different aggregation levels. The difficulty is that 42% of the 3.6 million articles in our Thomson Scientific dataset are assigned to several sub-fields among a set of 219 Web of Science categories. We follow a multiplicative approach in which every article is wholly counted as many times as it appears at each aggregation level. We compute the crown indicator and the Mean Normalized Citation Score (MNCS) using for the first time sub-field normalization procedures for the multiplicative case. We also compute a third indicator that does not correct for differences in citation practices across sub-fields. It is found that: (1) No geographical area is systematically favored (or penalized) by any of the two normalized indicators. (2) According to the MNCS, only in six out of 80 disciplines –but in none of 20 fields– is the EU ahead of the U.S. In contrast, the normalized U.S./EU gap is greater than 20% in 44 disciplines, 13 fields, and for all sciences as a whole. The dominance of the EU over the RW is even greater. (3) The U.S. appears to devote relatively more –and the RW less– publication effort to subfields with a high mean citation rate, which explains why the U.S./EU and EU/RW gaps for all sciences as a whole increase by 4.5 and 5.6 percentage points in the un-normalized case. The results with a fractional approach are very similar indeed ; Financial support from the Santander Universities Global Division of Banco Santander. Ruiz-Castillo also acknowledges financial help from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007-67436 ; European Community's Seventh Framework Program

Recent research has shown that two entropy-based segregation indices possess an appealing mixture of basic and subsidiary but useful properties. It would appear that the only fundamental difference between the mutual information or M index, and the entropy information or H index, is that the second is a normalized version of the first. This paper introduces another normalized index in that family, the H* index, which captures segregation as the tendency of racial groups to have different distributions across schools. More importantly, the paper shows that applied researchers may do better using the M index than using either H or H* in two circumstances: (1) if they are interested in the decomposability of the measurement of segregation, and (2) if they are interested in a margin-free measurement of segregation changes. The shortcomings of the H and H* indices are illustrated below by means of numerical examples, as well as with school segregation data by ethnic group in the U.S. public school system between 1989 and 2005.

This paper evaluates the European Paradox according to which Europe plays a leading world role in terms of scientific excellence, measured in terms of the number of publications, but lacks the entrepreneurial capacity of the U.S. to transform this excellent performance into innovation, growth, and jobs. Citation distributions for the U.S., the European Union (EU), and the rest of the world are evaluated using a pair of high- and low-impact indicators, as well as the mean citation rate. The dataset consists of 3.6 million articles published in 1998-2002 with a common five-year citation window. The analysis is carried at a low aggregation level: the 219 sub-fields identified with the Web of Science categories distinguished by Thomson Scientific. The problems posed by international co-authorship and the multiple assignments of articles to sub-fields are solved following a multiplicative strategy. In the first place, we find that, although the EU has more publications than the U.S. in 113 out of 219 sub-fields, the U.S. is ahead of the EU in 189 and 163 sub-fields in terms of the high- and low-impact indicators. In the second place, we verify that using the high-impact indicator the U.S./EU gap is usually greater than when using the mean citation rate. ; European Community's Seventh Framework Program ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Santander Universities Global Division of Banco Santander. Ruiz-Castillo also acknowledges financial help from the Spanish MEC through grant SEJ2007-67436