Suchergebnisse

During the last decade, family training patterns in Spain have undergone a process of substantive transformation. Andger cohorts are increasingly postponing marriage and, once they enter marriage, they tend to delay Childbearing. As a result of these timing shifts, period measures such as total fertility rates are likely to be expected to achieve true fertility levels. This study focuses on the first traineeship of family training: the transition to motherhood. Following a birth interval approach, the analysis depicts recent trends and differentials in the timing of first birth and explores the role of premarital pegancies and contraceptive practice on first interval dynamics. During the last dcennia in Spain, the types of family constitution have undergone substantial transformations. The youngest cohorts prolong their clibat and, once married, tend to delay their births. Partly as an effect of these temporal changes, cross-cutting measures, such as the cumulative fcondit, are likely to underestimate the true levels of the fcondit. This study focuses on the stage of family formation: the transition to maternal conditions. Using a longitudinal approach, trends and diffuses are analysed in the timing of the premire birth and explore the rle of prmarital pregnancies and contraceptive practices on the dynamics of the interval between marriage and birth. [FR] During the last decade in Spain, the types of family constitution have undergone substantial changes. The youngest cohorts prolong their celibat and, once married, tend to delay their births. Partly as an effect of these temporal changes, transversal measures, such as cumulative fertility, are likely to underestimate the "true" levels of fertility. This study focuses on the first stage of family formation: the transition to maternity. Using a longitudinal approach, trends and differences in the timing of the first birth are analysed and the role of pre-marital pregnancies and contraceptive practices on the dynamics of the marriage to first birth interval is ...

Peer reviewed ; The authors examined the association between different meanings of cohabitation and fertility intentions. Using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys on 5,565 cohabiters from 9 European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Norway, Romania, and Russia), they proposed a cohabitation typology based on attitudes toward marriage, intentions to marry, and perceived economic deprivation. Despite substantial variation in the prevalence and types of cohabiting relationships across Europe, cohabitation has become a living arrangement within hich childbearing intentions are commonly formed and at times carried out. The authors found that the meaning that cohabiters attached to their union influenced significantly their short-term fertility intentions, net of other covariates. Cohabiters who viewed their unions as a prelude to marriage were the most likely to plan to have a child in the near future, both in Western and Eastern European societies. The association between fertility intentions and marriage intentions was particularly strong among cohabiters who do not as yet have children in common, but it was also present in a more muted form among cohabitating parents. The findings suggest that, although marriage and childbearing are becoming less closely linked life events, they are not disconnected decisions for a largemajority of cohabiters across Europe. European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties

The authors examined the association between different meanings of cohabitation and fertility intentions. Using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys on 5,565 cohabiters from 9 European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Norway, Romania, and Russia), they proposed a cohabitation typology based on attitudes toward marriage, intentions to marry, and perceived economic deprivation. Despite substantial variation in the prevalence and types of cohabiting relationships across Europe, cohabitation has become a living arrangement within hich childbearing intentions are commonly formed and at times carried out. The authors found that the meaning that cohabiters attached to their union influenced significantly their short-term fertility intentions, net of other covariates. Cohabiters who viewed their unions as a prelude to marriage were the most likely to plan to have a child in the near future, both in Western and Eastern European societies. The association between fertility intentions and marriage intentions was particularly strong among cohabiters who do not as yet have children in common, but it was also present in a more muted form among cohabitating parents. The findings suggest that, although marriage and childbearing are becoming less closely linked life events, they are not disconnected decisions for a largemajority of cohabiters across Europe. ; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties ; Peer reviewed

Previous studies claim that there are differences in fertility rates among working women that probably indicate varying career-arrangements due to differences in women's opportunity costs of a career break at childbirth by employment sector. Drawing on the Spanish Survey on Fertility and Values (2006), this study analyzes whether and to what extent public employment affects women's reproductive behavior (transition to first birth) in the Spanish context. Findings show that employed women experience higher opportunity costs of entering into motherhood but working women in environments which offer more long-term stability and favor the combination of work and family responsibilities, like public sector jobs, become mothers earlier than self-employed and private sector employees.

Résumé Pays d'émigration pendant des siècles, l'Espagne est devenue un pays d'immigration depuis une vingtaine d'années : la part de la population étrangère y est passée de 0,9 % en 1991 à 8,5 % en 2005. L'Espagne ayant un taux de fécondité parmi les plus bas du monde, l'impact potentiel de l'immigration sur son avenir démographique est important. Pourtant, on s'y est encore assez peu intéressé à la fécondité des immigrées. Cet article compare les indicateurs de fécondité respectifs des Espagnoles et des immigrées en exploitant les données individuelles de l'état civil et analyse l'évolution récente de la fécondité en fonction de la région d'origine à partir des données du recensement de 2001. Les résultats montrent que les écarts de fécondité constatés entre les Espagnoles et les étrangères s'expliquent en grande partie par des différences de profil socio-démographique, en particulier en termes d'âge et de niveau d'instruction. Comme certains effets supposés de l'immigration sur la fécondité dépendent de la durée de séjour dans le pays d'accueil, l'article compare aussi les niveaux de fécondité de différentes cohortes d'immigrées et met en évidence des modèles qui s'accordent à la fois avec l'hypothèse de l'adaptation et avec celle de la rupture.

Objective: This study explores cross-country similarities and differences in individuals' perceptions of the ideal age and pathways to become a father, focusing on five European countries: Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. Background: Empirical research analyzing family-related social norms and individuals' preferences is still scarce when compared to the abundant literature on family behavior, and especially so when focusing on men rather than women. This study attempts to mitigate this gap in the literature by focusing on ideals and norms related to fatherhood. Method: Using European Social Survey data from the most recent available round (2018/2019), descriptive and multivariate regression analyses are performed to examine: (a) the ideal age to become a father; and (b) approval of men's decision to never have children, to have a child outside marriage, and to keep working full-time when having small children. Results: Findings confirm signs of convergence across countries regarding the "normalization" of postponed fatherhood, as well as increased detachment from traditional attitudes. Differences between "forerunner" and "laggard" countries with regard to family-related norms and family change are visibly narrowing. However, the ideal age for fatherhood and the approval of non-traditional life course trajectories also reflect different incentives and possibilities for the establishment of new family models provided by the gender culture and the welfare regime in each country. Conclusion: Examining social norms regarding male reproductive decisions and the exercise of fatherhood from a comparative perspective is important for understanding men's choices and the normative social framework potentially constraining them.

BACKGROUND Discussions of cohabitation's place in family formation regimes frequently emphasize comparisons of reproductive behavior among married versus cohabiting couples. Many argue that the rise in cohabitation may have been fueled by availability of highly effective contraception, but that differences in contraceptive use between married and cohabiting couples should diminish as cohabitation becomes more established. OBJECTIVE We ask whether cohabiting women in the United States, Spain, and France are more likely than married women in these countries to use the most effective contraceptive methods and reversible methods. We also investigate whether the association between union status and contraceptive use has changed since the mid-1990s. METHODS Using data from the U.S. National Survey of Family Growth, the Spanish Fertility, Family and Values Survey, the French Gender and Generations Survey, and the Fertility and Family Surveys, we first descriptively compare contraceptive use patterns of cohabiting women to those of married women and then estimate regression models to adjust for group differences in key background factors. RESULTS Net of differences in age and parity, cohabitors were more likely than married women to use the most effective contraceptives in the mid-1990s' United States and France, yet notably not in Spain even when cohabitation was relatively uncommon. The case of Spain thus refutes the assumption that highly effective contraception is a necessary precursor for dramatic growth in cohabitation. ; We gratefully acknowledge funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties and from the European Research Council via an ERC Consolidator Grant REPROGENE (615603 awarded to M. Mills) ; Peer reviewed

We review demographic and sociological literature on family dynamics in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and systematize major trends in union formation and fertility in recent decades. We also highlight the singularities that distinguish family patterns and trends in LAC from those in other world regions and discuss the contextual factors underlying these singularities. Latin American families have undergone substantial changes in their configurations and dynamics. We highlight the persistence of an early pattern of family formation despite considerable educational expansion and emerging subreplacement fertility levels, the bottom-up diffusion of cohabitation from low- to high-education groups, the frequent coresidence of single mothers with extended family members, and the substantial divergence in family forms and trajectories across social classes. These family trends do not conform entirely to any of the major theoretical frameworks devised to explain family change in Western societies. Pervasive socioeconomic inequality, high levels of informality in the labor market, weak social protection systems, and slow progress toward gender equality are among the contextual factors that shape the diversity and singularities of Latin American families.

This article compares the fertility patterns of women in consensual union and marriage in 13 Latin American countries, using census microdata from the four most recent census rounds and a methodological approach that combines the own‐children method and Poisson regression. Results show that in all these countries, fertility is slightly higher within consensual union than marriage and that the age pattern of fertility is very similar in marital and non‐marital unions. Further analyses show that over the period considered, childbearing within a consensual union has changed from rare to increasingly common, although not yet mainstream, for highly educated women in most countries examined. Results show that in Latin America, at least since the 1980s, women's childbearing patterns depend on their age and on their being in a conjugal relationship, but not on the legal nature of this relationship. The similarities in reproductive behavior between marital and non‐marital unions are not confined to the socially disadvantaged groups, but apply as well to the better off.

This article compares the fertility patterns of women in consensual union and marriage in 13 Latin American countries, using census microdata from the four most recent census rounds and a methodological approach that combines the own-children method and Poisson regression. Results show that in all these countries, fertility is slightly higher within consensual union than marriage and that the age pattern of fertility is very similar in marital and non-marital unions. Further analyses show that over the period considered, childbearing within a consensual union has passed from rare to increasingly common, although not yet mainstream, for highly educated women in most countries examined. Results show that in Latin America, at least since the 1980s, women's childbearing patterns depend on their age and on their being in a conjugal relationship, but not on the legal nature of this relationship. The similarities in reproductive behavior between marital and non-marital unions are not confined to the socially disadvantaged groups, but apply as well to the better off. ; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties. ; Peer reviewed

Kulu et al. ; [EN] This study investigates the childbearing patterns of the descendants of immigrants in selected European countries, with a focus on ethnic minority women whose parents arrived in Europe from high-fertility countries. While the fertility levels of immigrants to Europe have been examined in the recent literature, the childbearing patterns among their descendants have received little attention. Using longitudinal data from eight European countries and applying Poisson regression models, the study shows that many descendants of immigrants exhibit first-birth levels that are similar to the 'native' population in their respective countries; however, first-birth levels are elevated among women of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin in the UK and for those of Turkish descent in France and Belgium. Transition rates to a second child vary less across ethnic groups. Most ethnic minority women in the UK, France and Belgium show significantly higher third-birth levels than 'natives' in those countries. The inclusion of women's level of education in the analysis has little effect on fertility differences across the ethnic groups. Overall, the childbearing behaviour of the descendants of immigrants falls in between the fertility pathways experienced by their parents' generation and the respective 'native' populations. The analysis supports the idea that both the mainstream society and the minority subculture shape the childbearing patterns of the descendants of immigrants in Europe. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties. ; Peer reviewed

This article examines recent trends and patterns in binational marriages between European citizens in Spain over a 20-year period and the sociodemographic profile and nationality composition of these binational marriages. The analysis relies on aggregate marriage statistics and onmarriage registermicrodata for 2008–2009. We use odds ratios to monitor trends and characteristics of binational marriages and multinomial regression to further examine the sociodemographic profile of these couples. The analysis of marriage records reveals only a modest rise in Euromarriages over the 1990–2009 period. This moderate increase in Euromarriages points towards a weak social impact of the European single market. Moreover, the analysis also suggests that binational marriages more often involve lessereducated than more-educated individuals. Finally, findings on the social and nationality compositions of binational marriages conform to theoretical predictions drawn from the literatures of marriage markets, endogamy, and social hypergamy. They show that the affinity between Spaniards and European Union (EU-15) citizens is lesser than that between Spaniards and non-Europeans (i.e. Latin Americans). They also show that patterns of binational marriages are highly gender specific. Whereas the affinity between Spanish women and EU-15 men is higher than the affinity between Spanish women and 'new' European men, the affinity between Spanish men and 'new' European women is higher than the affinity between Spanish men and EU-15 women. ; Peer reviewed

Actualmente la cohabitación no matrimonial es aceptada socialmente como un contexto familiar adecuado en el que tener y criar hijos en España; sin embargo, las separaciones de parejas cohabitantes no quedan registradas oficialmente.
Este estudio compara la provisión de manutención de hijos por parte de padres no residentes en parejas anteriormente casadas y cohabitantes. El análisis se basa en datos de la Encuesta Española de Fecundidad 2018. Los resultados de los modelos de regresión logística confirman que la probabilidad de recibir la pensión alimenticia es significativamente más baja entre las mujeres anteriormente cohabitantes que entre las previamente casadas, una vez controladas las diferencias composicionales.
Este es el primer estudio que examina diferencias en la adopción de responsabilidades económicas con los hijos entre padres no residentes anteriormente casados y cohabitantes.

This paper analyzes partnership formation and dissolution of a population of immigrant origin in Spain, in comparison to natives. It combines three different data sources (Fertility and Values Survey 2006, National Immigrant Survey 2007 and Chances 2011) to identify variations in timing and incidence of partnership formation across generations. The obtained results suggest clear support for selection and disruption hypotheses in the case of first generation immigrant women, who tend to marry less and later than comparable natives, and also to separate more. However, in the case of Latin American and EU15 women some socialization effect cannot be completely discarded. Among adolescents of immigrant origin preferences concerning type and timing of union reveal a strong effect of socialization into their parents' family values, which in the case of individuals who migrated to Spain aged older than 5 is not completely counterbalanced by the adaptation process taking place since their arrival. These results are in line with the hypotheses formulated in the framework of the intergenerational transmission of values' approach, which emphasizes that family values and family-related attitudes remain important in parental socialization and are quite effectively passed on to the 1.5 and second generation. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007 - 2013) under grant agreement no. 320116 for the research p roject FamiliesAndSocieties. ; 1. Introduction. Union formation and dissolution in Spain over the last decades.-- 2. Theoretical framework and previous research.-- 3. Immigration to Spain and immigrants' family dynamic.-- 4. Data sources available. Advantages and limitation.-- 5. Partnership formation and dissolution patterns among first generation women and comparable native women in Spain.-- 5.1. Descriptive results from FVS2006.-- 5.2. Multivariate models for first generation and native women.-- 6. Preferences concerning partnership formation among adolescents of immigrant and native origin in Spain. Contextual adaptation and intergenerational transmission of values.-- 6.1. Descriptive results.-- 6.2. Multivariate analyses.-- 7. Conclusions.-- Appendix: figures and tables ; Peer reviewed