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Aim: The biogeography of the grass genera Festuca (subgenus Schedonorus) and Lolium, which form one of the world main forage groups, is here reconstructed for the first time using nuclear and plastid DNA data. We aimed to test previous hypotheses on the origin of the group ancestor and on the Holocene versus pre-Holocene dispersals of the most recent fodder grasses. Location: The Mediterranean Basin and neighbouring regions: North Africa, Southwest Asia, East and West Africa, and Eurasia. Methods: Sampling included nearly all representatives from the native Old World distribution of this group. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. Divergence times were estimated with a Bayesian relaxed clock and secondary calibrations derived from a fossil-dated phylogeny of grasses. Biogeographical scenarios were reconstructed with Bayesian-averaged dispersal-vicariance analysis (Bayes-DIVA) and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC), using a stratified palaeogeographical model spanning the last 12 million years. Results: Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) originated in Eurosiberia, Southwest Asia, 2 million years ago (Ma), whereas ryegrasses (Lolium) first diversified in the eastern Mediterranean region around 4.1 Ma, splitting into two autogamous versus allogamous lineages, with Macaronesian Lolium embedded within the latter. An alternative scenario suggests, however, an early split of the Macaronesian ryegrasses. Our results support the hybrid origin of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Main conclusions: The ancestor of the fescues and ryegrasses originated in the western Mediterranean in the mid-Miocene. The sister relationship of the tropical African Festuca simensis to Lolium is a novel finding, suggesting a dispersal of the ancestor of the ryegrasses from Asia to East Africa in the early Pliocene. Our reconstruction rejects the hypothesis of a single Neolithic human-mediated dispersal of Lolium species from eastern to western Mediterranean areas, suggesting instead a pre-agricultural distribution of Lolium ancestors along the Mediterranean Basin since the Pliocene. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ; This study was funded by two consecutive Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation project grants (CGL2006-00319/BOS, CGL2009-12955-C02-01) to P.C. and L.A.I. and by a University of Zaragoza (Spain) grant to L.A.I. In addition, P.C. and L.A.I. were also partially funded by a Bioflora research team grant cofunded by the Spanish Aragon Government and the European Social Fund. I.S. was funded by projects CGL-2009- 13322-C03-01 and CGL2012-40129-C02-01 from the Spanish Ministry of Science. S.B. was supported by a postdoctoral grant at RJB from the Swiss National Science Foundation grant (PBNEP3-129903). ; Peer Reviewed

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this record ; Data availability: ATLAS is available following website registration*. Data and further information can be downloaded from the following links: Project overview: https://amr.theodi.org/project-overview Project description: https://wellcome.ac.uk/sites/default/files/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-sharing-industry-data.pdf Data download*: https://www.synapse.org/#!Synapse:syn17009517/wiki/585653 The same dataset is available from this link: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/amr-prototype-data/Open+Atlas_Reuse_Data.xlsx Data was extracted from the English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR) report from years 2013-2018. These were downloaded from the following UK government website: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-surveillance-programme-antimicrobial-utilisation-and-resistance-espaur-report ResistanceMap data is published by the Centre for Disease, Dynamics Economics and Policy28, it can be downloaded from https://github.com/gwenknight/empiricprescribing/tree/master/data, Data for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) can be downloaded from https://atlas.ecdc.europa.eu/public/index.aspx?Dataset=27#x00026;HealthTopic=4. The file we used in this paper can be downloaded from https://github.com/PabloCatalan/atlas/tree/master/data/europe_resistance_data.csv EUCAST data can only be obtained by contacting individuals named on their website https://www.eucast.org/mic_distributions_and_ecoffs/ and requesting access to MIC histograms, which we were granted. ; Code availability: Analysis codes66 written in Python 3.0 using pandas can be downloaded here: https://github.com/PabloCatalan/atlas or https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6390565. Codes have been written to provide straightforward access to data so that figures from this manuscript can be reproduced and to help facilitate the development of new analyses. Interested readers are ...

Aim: Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) is a predominantly pantropical genus (< 600 species) that includes the third most important tropical tuber crop and species of pharmacological value. Fossil records from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres were used to test hypotheses about the origin of the genus Dioscorea, and to examine potential macroevolutionary processes that led to its current distribution. Location: Pantropical distribution. Methods: Divergence times were estimated using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the group published to date based on plastid sequences and fossil calibrations, applying a relaxed-clock model approach. Ancestral areas and range shifts were reconstructed using time-stratified likelihood-based models, reflecting past continental connectivity and biogeographical models incorporating the spatial range of fossils. Results: Fossil-informed biogeographical analysis supported colonization of the Nearctic by ancient yam lineages from the western Palaearctic and subsequent migration to the South. Most of the pantropical South American, African and Southeast Asian lineages experienced a relatively recent diversification in the Oligocene-Miocene. Long-distance dispersals were inferred for the colonizations of the New World, Africa and Madagascar. Main conclusions: Dioscorea likely originated between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Eocene in the Laurasian Palaearctic, followed by possible dispersal to South America via the Eocene North Atlantic Land Bridge. ; This study was supported by Fundación BBVA (FBBVA) BIOCON 05-093/ 06 project (PC, JGSM) and by Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses project (J.V.). J.V. benefited from a PhD fellowship funded by FBBVA and two research stays at Kew Gardens funded by European SYNTHESYS GB-TAF and DGA-CAI grants. J.G.S-M. was supported by Araid and Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contracts. P.C. was partially funded by Bioflora Research Team grant cofunded by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. I.S. was supported by grant CGL2012-40129-C02-01 from the Spanish Ministry of Science. ; Peer Reviewed