Suchergebnisse

Il fenomeno del pendolarismo oggigiorno coinvolge ampie fasce della popolazione, manifestandosi attraverso spostamenti sistematici, spesso quotidiani, dal proprio luogo di residenza verso altra destinazione, per motivi di studio o di lavoro. La definizione di spostamento pendolare prescinde dalla distanza percorsa o dal tempo di viaggio. Tipicamente, i pendolari si spostano tra differenti aree di regioni metropolitane, seguendo percorsi multimodali, costituiti anche da itinerari di "mobilità dolce" (pedonale o ciclabile). La mancanza di una cultura della pianificazione urbanistica, la diffusione sul territorio delle funzioni residenziali e l'accentramento delle attività produttive e commerciali hanno determinato, negli ultimi decenni, una crescita intensa dei fenomeni di pendolarismo. A causa del notevole sviluppo dei centri urbani, divenuti delle vere e proprie "città diffuse", la durata degli spostamenti pendolari ha subito forti incrementi, occupando, in molti casi, gran parte della vita dei viaggiatori. Il pendolarismo, inoltre, è considerato uno dei fattori che maggiormente contribuiscono all'inquinamento atmosferico, a causa della congestione della rete stradale metropolitana. Ne deriva un crescente degrado della "qualità" della vita per gli stessi pendolari e per gli individui residenti nelle aree limitrofe alle grandi arterie di collegamento. Per risolvere questi problemi, si è da tempo affermato l'orientamento ad elaborare politiche per la promozione dell'uso del trasporto collettivo, volte, in particolare, a conseguire miglioramenti dei servizi pubblici sia sul piano dell'efficienza sia su quello dell'efficacia. Tuttavia, in generale, l'attenzione è rivolta alla progettazione dell'offerta del singolo modo di trasporto pubblico, senza considerare l'integrazione con altre forme di trasporto collettivo e con le modalità di "mobilità dolce". Ne discende una scarsa competitività dei servizi di trasporto pubblico, con la conseguenza di una ripartizione modale molto sbilanciata a favore dell'auto.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record ; Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. ; This essay examines the policy response of the federal and regional governments in federations to the COVID-19 crisis. We theorize that the COVID-19 policy response in federations is an outcome of strategic interaction among the federal and regional incumbents in the shadow of their varying accountability for health and the repercussions from the disruptive consequences of public health measures. Using the data from the COVID-19 Public Health Protective Policy Index Project, we study how the variables suggested by our theory correlate with the overall stringency of public health measures in federations as well as the contribution of the federal government to the making of these policies. Our results suggest that the public health measures taken in federations are at least as stringent as those in non-federations, and there is a cluster of federations on which a bulk of crisis policy making is carried by subnational governments. We find that the contribution of the federal government is, on average, higher in parliamentary systems; it appears to decline with the proximity of the next election in presidential republics, and to increase with the fragmentation of the legislative party system in parliamentary systems. Our analysis also suggests that when the federal government carries a significant share of responsibility for healthcare provision, it also tends to play a higher role in taking non-medical steps in response to the pandemic.

This the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this record ; Data Records: We have created a Github repository (https://github.com/COVID-policy-response-lab/PPI-data) to store the datasets with the Public Health Protective Policy Index and its components. A copy of the included datafiles, as described below, was deposited with openICPSR15. It presently requires creating an account with the depository. Data access is free. Data location is at https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/123401. The datasets are stored as csv files with five types of layouts. "PPI_country_m1.csv" is a file with country-level aggregates of region-level PPIs, computed using method 1, and their components. Each row corresponds to a country-date. The rows are identified using the country name (cname), numeric and 2-letter ISO 3166-1 codes (isocode and isoabbr respectively), as well as a date variable. The names of the policy variables contain four components: the name of the broader category, the name of the category, the level of issuing government ("nat" refers to the national policies, "reg" refers to the subnational policies, and "tot" refers to the combination of national and subnational policies), as well as suffix "ave". For example, the average Total PPI is denoted as "ppi.all.tot.ave", and the average stringency of the closures of air borders by the national government is denoted as "borders.air_bord.nat.ave". See the codebook for the complete list of variables. "PPI_country_m2.csv" is a file with country-level aggregates of region-level PPIs, computed using method 2, and their components. The identifying variables and the naming convention for the policy variables is the same as in "PPI_country_m1.csv", with the addition of suffix "0.2" at the end of the policy variable names. "PPI_regions_XX_m1.csv" (replace XX with the 2-letter ISO 3166-1 country codes) are country-specific files with region-specific PPIs, computed using method 1, and their components. The identifying variables include ...

This article serves two purposes. It is an account of field testing two instructional units in the APSA text series "Citizenship and Change: Women and American Politics" and it is a report of original research findings produced by students who used the units. In the course of reading about the changing place of American women in the political System and then researching questions raised by their reading, students surprised themselves. They learned to evaluate their own attitudes and the socialization processes leading to them, while they found that they could tackle practical research problems successfully.GINT 202, Policies and Functions of American Government, is a course which I have treated as an "introductory seminar" on important policy questions and the political system's response to them.