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This thought-provoking book explores the emerging construction of a customary law of peace in Latin America and the developing jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It traces the evolution of peace as both an end and a means: from a negative form, i.e. the absence of violence, to a positive form that encompasses equality, non-discrimination and social justice, including gendered perspectives on peace.

Peace is an elusive concept, especially within the field of international law, varying according to historical era and between contextual applications within different cultures, institutions, societies, and academic traditions. This Research Handbook responds to the gap created by the neglect of peace in international law scholarship. Explaining the normative evolution of peace from the principles of peaceful co-existence to the UN declaration on the right to peace, this Research Handbook calls for the fortification of international institutions to facilitate the pursuit of sustainable peace as a public good. It sets forth a new agenda for research that invites scholars from a broad array of disciplines and fields of law to analyse the contribution of international institutions to the construction and implementation of sustainable peace. With its critical examination of courts, transitional justice institutions, dispute resolution and fact-finding mechanisms, this Research Handbook goes beyond the traditional focus on post-conflict resolution, and includes areas not usually found in analyses of peace such as investment and trade law. Bringing together contributions from leading researchers in the field of international law and peace, this Research Handbook analyses peace in the context of law applicable to women, refugees, environmentalism, sustainable development, disarmament, and other key contemporary issues.

How did human minds become so different from those of other animals? What accounts for our capacity to understand the way the physical world works, to think ourselves into the minds of others, to gossip, read, tell stories about the past, and imagine the future? These questions are not new: they have been debated by philosophers, psychologists, anthropologists, evolutionists, and neurobiologists over the course of centuries. One explanation widely accepted today is that humans have special cognitive instincts. Unlike other living animal species, we are born with complicated mechanisms for reasoning about causation, reading the minds of others, copying behaviors, and using language. Cecilia Heyes agrees that adult humans have impressive pieces of cognitive equipment. In her framing, however, these cognitive gadgets are not instincts programmed in the genes but are constructed in the course of childhood through social interaction. Cognitive gadgets are products of cultural evolution, rather than genetic evolution. At birth, the minds of human babies are only subtly different from the minds of newborn chimpanzees. We are friendlier, our attention is drawn to different things, and we have a capacity to learn and remember that outstrips the abilities of newborn chimpanzees. Yet when these subtle differences are exposed to culture-soaked human environments, they have enormous effects. They enable us to upload distinctively human ways of thinking from the social world around us. As Cognitive Gadgets makes clear, from birth our malleable human minds can learn through culture not only what to think but how to think it.--

Inspired by the Grotian tradition in international law of the 'idea of peace', 'Promoting Peace through International Law' aims to explain how peace may be achieved by utilising the existing international and national normative and institutional legal frameworks. It explores how negative and positive dimensions of peace are interrelated.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Imaginaries of Transnationalism -- 1. Tracing the Borderless in "Departamento 15" -- 2. The Desperate Images -- 3. Vega's Disgust -- 4. Exporting Voices: Aspirations and Fluency in the Call Center -- 5. "Heart of the City": Life and Spaces of Consumption in San Salvador -- Conclusion: Renewing Narratives of Connection and Distance -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author

"By offering critical perspectives of normative developments within international law, this volume of essays unites academics from various disciplines to address concerns regarding the interpretation and application of international law in context. The authors present common challenges within international criminal law, human rights, environmental law and trade law, and point to unintended risks and consequences, in particular for vulnerable interests such as women and the environment. Omissions within normative or institutional frameworks are highlighted and the importance of addressing accountability of state and non-state actors for violations or regressions of minimum protection guarantees is underscored. Overall, it advocates harmonisation over fragmentation, pursuant to the aspiration of asserting the interests of our collective humanity without necessarily advocating an international constitutional order"--

Nearly a century before it became known as Silicon Valley, the Santa Clara Valley was world-renowned for something else: the succulent fruits and vegetables grown in its fertile soil. Virtually all farms were owned by whites, but the soil was largely worked by Asian immigrants. In this book, Cecilia Tsu tells the overlooked and intertwined histories of the land of the Santa Clara Valley and the Asian immigrants who cultivated it

Intro -- SUGAR: BACKGROUND, POLICIES AND ISSUES -- SUGAR: BACKGROUND, POLICIES AND ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SUGAR POLICY ISSUES* -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND ON THE SUGAR PROGRAM -- MAIN FEATURES OF U.S. SUGAR POLICY -- Price Support Loans -- Loan Rates -- Effective Support Levels -- Marketing Allotments -- Import Quotas -- SUGAR MARKET DEVELOPMENTS -- Food Use -- Supply -- Price Developments -- Price Outlook -- Price Setting -- ISSUES -- 2008 Farm Bill Sugar TRQ Provision -- Sugar Users Call for Immediate Import Increase -- Sugar Producers View Supplies as Adequate -- Implications of the Timing of a TRQ Decision -- SUGAR IMPORTS FROM MEXICO -- Free Trade under NAFTA -- "Substitution" and Governments' Coordination of Sugar Policies -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 SUGAR POLICY AND THE 2008 FARM BILL* -- SUMMARY -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OVERVIEW OF SUGAR PROGRAM -- ISSUES IN 2008 FARM BILL DEBATE -- Level of Sugar Price Support -- Implementation -- Controlling Sugar Supply to Protect Sugar Prices -- Import Quotas -- Legislation -- Implementation -- Marketing Allotments -- Legislation -- Implementation -- Sugar for Ethanol -- Background -- Legislation -- Outlook -- Sugar Program Costs -- Outlook -- APPENDIX. COMPARISON OF 2008 FARM BILL SUGAR PROGRAM PROVISIONS WITH PREVIOUS LAW AND HOUSE AND SENATE BILLS -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 INDIAN SUGAR SECTOR CYCLES DOWN, POISED TO REBOUND* -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- RECENT SUPPLY AND DEMAND DEVELOPMENTS -- POLICIES DRIVE SUGARCANE PRODUCTION CYCLES -- SUGAR DEMAND TRENDS -- SUGAR TRADE -- SUGARCANE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL -- SUGARCANE AND SUGAR OUTPUT POISED FOR REBOUND -- REFERENCES -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 THE EU SUGAR POLICY REGIME AND IMPLICATIONS OF REFORM* -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- SUMMARY -- What is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find?

Preliminary Material /C. Bailliet -- Introduction /Cecilia M. Bailliet -- Chapter 1. The Concept Of Security In International Law Relating To Armed Conflicts /Marco Sassòli -- Chapter 2. International Security And International Organisations: Considerations Under International Law /Marco Odello -- Chapter 3. General Principles Of International Humanitarian And Human Rights Law: A Tool To Overcome The War-And-Peace Divide In International Law /Ulf Häußler -- Chapter 4. A Critical Decision Point On The Battlefield – Friend, Foe Or Innocent Bystander /Matthew W. Ezzo and Amos N. Guiora -- Chapter 5. The Obligation To Remove And Destroy Anti-Personnel Mines And Explosive Remnants Of War In Peace Operations /Kjetil Mujezinovic Larsen -- Chapter 6. A New Treaty Banning Cluster Munitions: The Interplay Between Disarmament Diplomacy And Humanitarian Requirements /Gro Nystuen -- Chapter 7. Private Versus Citizen-Soldiers: New Mercenarism In A Just-War Framework /Lene Bomann-Larsen -- Chapter 8. The "Unrule" Of Law: Unintended Consequences Of Applying The Responsibility To Prevent To Counterterrorism, A Case Study Of Colombia'S Raid In Ecuador /Cecilia M. Bailliet -- Chapter 9. Democratic Security /Christopher Kutz -- Chapter 10. Global Procedural Rights And Security /Larry May -- Chapter 11. Women'S Security/State Security /Naomi Cahn -- Chapter 12. Security In A "Warming World": Competences Of The Un Security Council For Preventing Dangerous Climate Change /Christina Voigt -- Chapter 13. Environmental Security And The Un Security Council /Jo Stigen and Ole Kristian Fauchald -- Chapter 14. Pragmatic Law For International Security /Sean Kanuck -- List Of Contributors /C. Bailliet -- Index /C. Bailliet.