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Abstract The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity parallels the increase in physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, and leads to the worsening of cardiorespiratory fitness. Both overweight and physical inactivity are recognised risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the independent effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cardiovascular risk factors remain debated. Lifestyle interventions are the key treatment for overweight and obesity. There are however, limited data from large population-based studies on the efficacy of exercise in modifying cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Many of the mechanisms underlying the changes in body composition and metabolism achieved by exercise interventions are not well understood. The role of adipokines, and particularly unacylated ghrelin has been proposed in relation to changes in glucose metabolism. Individuals also vary in their response to exercise, which is, at least in part, explained by genetic factors. Improved understanding of the gene-exercise interaction is needed for the development of more targeted intervention strategies. In Finland, military service is compulsory for men. Military service includes large amounts of physical exercise but no dietary restriction. The current study evaluated the health benefits of exercise in young men attending military service in the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade from 2005 to 2006 (N=1,112, mean age 19.2 years). Changes in endurance and strength performance, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and unacylated ghrelin levels were recorded at the beginning and end of the military service (6 to 12 months follow-up). Improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed with improved exercise performance, an association which was attributable to changes in weight and waist circumference. Increase in unacylated ghrelin level was associated with beneficial changes in body composition and fat distribution, as well as in lipid and glucose metabolism. Significant gene-exercise interactions were observed for variants in PPARG, IRS1 and TCF7L2 on changes in weight and/or body composition. This study shows the efficacy of physical activity for the improvement of cardiometabolic health among young men. It shows that unacylated ghrelin plays an important role in the improvement of body composition, and glucose and lipid metabolism achieved by exercise. Finally, the harmful effects of common genetic variants on body composition can be counteracted by improvement in exercise performance. ; Tiivistelmä Viimeaikaiset tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että väestötasolla ylipaino ja lihavuus lisääntyvät ja liikunta vähenee. Sekä ylipaino että vähäinen liikunta ovat tunnettuja sydän- ja verisuonitautien, insuliiniresistenssin ja tyypin 2 diabeteksen vaaratekijöitä. Monet interventiotutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että elämäntapamuutokset ovat avainasemassa ylipainon ja lihavuuden hoidossa. Suurista väestöpohjaisista tutkimuksista saatu tieto liikunnan vaikutuksista nuorten aikuisten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöihin, kehonkoostumukseen ja aineenvaihduntaan on kuitenkin vähäistä. Greliinillä on ehdotettu olevan tärkeitä vaikutuksia glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan, mutta greliinin ja liikunnan yhteisvaikutuksista aineenvaihdunnan ja kehon muutoksiin on vain vähän tietoa. Vasteessa liikunta-interventioihin on lisäksi yksilökohtaisia eroja, jotka saattavat ainakin osittain selittyä geneettisillä tekijöillä. Näin ollen lisätieto geenien ja liikunnan välisistä interaktioista on tärkeää uusien, yksilökohtaisten hoitomuotojen kehittämiseksi. Varusmiespalvelus on maassamme pakollinen kaikille miehille, ja siihen sisältyy huomattava määrä liikuntaa ilman merkittäviä muutoksia ruokavaliossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin varusmiespalveluksen aikana tapahtuvan liikunnan ja kuntomuutosten terveyshyötyjä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Sodankylän Jääkäriprikaatissa vuonna 2005 palvelukseen astuneet miehet (N=1112, keski-ikä 19.2 vuotta). Muutokset kestävyys- ja lihaskunnossa, kehonkoostumuksessa, sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöissä, sekä asyloimattoman greliinin plasmatasoissa määritettiin palveluksen alussa ja lopussa (seuranta-aika 6-12 kk). Parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn todettiin vaikuttavan edullisesti sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien vaaratekijöihin, joka liittyi samanaikaiseen painonlaskuun ja keskivartalolihavuuden vähenemiseen. Liikunnan ansiosta asyloimattoman greliinin plasmataso lisääntyi ja se oli yhteydessä edullisiin muutoksiin kehonkoostumuksessa ja rasvanjakautumisessa sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihdunnassa. Tärkeitä geeni-liikunta interaktioita todettiin insuliiniherkkyyttä säätelevien geenien (PPARG, IRS1 ja TCF7L2) vaikutuksissa painon ja/tai kehonkoostumuksen muutoksiin. Tutkimus osoitti liikunnan edullisen vaikutuksen nuorten miesten sydän- ja verisuonitautien vaaratekijöiden tasoihin. Tutkimus osoitti lisäksi, että liikunnan aiheuttamalla lisääntyneen asyloimattoman greliinin pitoisuudella oli edullisia vaikutuksia kehonkoostumukseen sekä glukoosi- ja lipidiaineenvaihduntaan. Myös insuliiniresistenssiä säätelevien geenien epäedullinen vaikutus kehonkoostumukseen väheni parantuneen fyysisen suorituskyvyn myötä.

Aims/hypothesis The DIRECT (Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification) Study is part of a European Union Framework 7 Innovative Medicines Initiative project, a joint undertaking between four industry and 21 academic partners throughout Europe. The Consortium aims to discover and validate biomarkers that: (1) predict the rate of glycaemic deterioration before and after type 2 diabetes onset; (2) predict the response to diabetes therapies; and (3) help stratify type 2 diabetes into clearly definable disease subclasses that can be treated more effectively than without stratification. This paper describes two new prospective cohort studies conducted as part of DIRECT. Methods Prediabetic participants (target sample size 2,200-2,700) and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (target sample size ~1,000) are undergoing detailed metabolic phenotyping at baseline and 18 months and 36 months later. Abdominal, pancreatic and liver fat is assessed using MRI. Insulin secretion and action are assessed using frequently sampled OGTTs in non-diabetic participants, and frequently sampled mixed-meal tolerance tests in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biosamples include venous blood, faeces, urine and nail clippings, which, among other biochemical analyses, will be characterised at genetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic and metagenomic levels. Lifestyle is assessed using high-resolution triaxial accelerometry, 24 h diet record, and food habit questionnaires. Conclusions/interpretation DIRECT will yield an unprecedented array of biomaterials and data. This resource, available through managed access to scientists within and outside the Consortium, will facilitate the development of new treatments and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. © 2014 The Author(s).

Aims/hypothesis: The DIRECT (Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification) Study is part of a European Union Framework 7 Innovative Medicines Initiative project, a joint undertaking between four industry and 21 academic partners throughout Europe. The Consortium aims to discover and validate biomarkers that: (1) predict the rate of glycaemic deterioration before and after type 2 diabetes onset; (2) predict the response to diabetes therapies; and (3) help stratify type 2 diabetes into clearly definable disease subclasses that can be treated more effectively than without stratification. This paper describes two new prospective cohort studies conducted as part of DIRECT. Methods: Prediabetic participants (target sample size 2,200-2,700) and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (target sample size ~1,000) are undergoing detailed metabolic phenotyping at baseline and 18 months and 36 months later. Abdominal, pancreatic and liver fat is assessed using MRI. Insulin secretion and action are assessed using frequently sampled OGTTs in non-diabetic participants, and frequently sampled mixed-meal tolerance tests in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biosamples include venous blood, faeces, urine and nail clippings, which, among other biochemical analyses, will be characterised at genetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic and metagenomic levels. Lifestyle is assessed using high-resolution triaxial accelerometry, 24 h diet record, and food habit questionnaires. Conclusions/interpretation: DIRECT will yield an unprecedented array of biomaterials and data. This resource, available through managed access to scientists within and outside the Consortium, will facilitate the development of new treatments and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. © 2014 The Author(s).

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The DIRECT (Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification) Study is part of a European Union Framework 7 Innovative Medicines Initiative project, a joint undertaking between four industry and 21 academic partners throughout Europe. The Consortium aims to discover and validate biomarkers that: (1) predict the rate of glycaemic deterioration before and after type 2 diabetes onset; (2) predict the response to diabetes therapies; and (3) help stratify type 2 diabetes into clearly definable disease subclasses that can be treated more effectively than without stratification. This paper describes two new prospective cohort studies conducted as part of DIRECT. METHODS: Prediabetic participants (target sample size 2,200-2,700) and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (target sample size ~1,000) are undergoing detailed metabolic phenotyping at baseline and 18months and 36months later. Abdominal, pancreatic and liver fat is assessed using MRI. Insulin secretion and action are assessed using frequently sampled OGTTs in non-diabetic participants, and frequently sampled mixed-meal tolerance tests in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biosamples include venous blood, faeces, urine and nail clippings, which, among other biochemical analyses, will be characterised at genetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic and metagenomic levels. Lifestyle is assessed using high-resolution triaxial accelerometry, 24h diet record, and food habit questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: DIRECT will yield an unprecedented array of biomaterials and data. This resource, available through managed access to scientists within and outside the Consortium, will facilitate the development of new treatments and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.

This is the final version. Available on open access from BMC via the DOI in this record. ; Availability of data and materials Due to the type of consent provided by study participants and the ethical approvals for this study, individual-level clinical and omics data from IMI-DIRECT cohorts cannot be transferred from the centralized IMI-DIRECT repository. Requests for access to IMI-DIRECT data, including data presented here, can be made to DIRECTdataaccess@Dundee.ac.uk. Requestors will be provided with information and assistance on how data can be accessed via the DIRECT Computerome secure analysis platform following submission of appropriate documentation. The IMI-DIRECT data access policy is available from www.direct-diabetes.org. ; Background: The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses a major global challenge. It remains unresolved to what extent transcriptomic signatures of metabolic dysregulation and T2D can be observed in easily accessible tissues such as blood. Additionally, large-scale human studies are required to further our understanding of the putative inflammatory component of insulin resistance and T2D. Here we used transcriptomics data from individuals with (n = 789) and without (n = 2127) T2D from the IMI-DIRECT cohorts to describe the co-expression structure of whole blood that mainly reflects processes and cell types of the immune system, and how it relates to metabolically relevant clinical traits and T2D. Methods: Clusters of co-expressed genes were identified in the non-diabetic IMI-DIRECT cohort and evaluated with regard to stability, as well as preservation and rewiring in the cohort of individuals with T2D. We performed functional and immune cell signature enrichment analyses, and a genome-wide association study to describe the genetic regulation of the modules. Phenotypic and trans-omics associations of the transcriptomic modules were investigated across both IMI-DIRECT cohorts. Results: We identified 55 whole blood co-expression modules, some of which clustered in larger super-modules. We identified a large number of associations between these transcriptomic modules and measures of insulin action and glucose tolerance. Some of the metabolically linked modules reflect neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in blood while others are independent of white blood cell estimates, including a module of genes encoding neutrophil granule proteins with antibacterial properties for which the strongest associations with clinical traits and T2D status were observed. Through the integration of genetic and multi-omics data, we provide a holistic view of the regulation and molecular context of whole blood transcriptomic modules. We furthermore identified an overlap between genetic signals for T2D and co-expression modules involved in type II interferon signaling. Conclusions: Our results offer a large-scale map of whole blood transcriptomic modules in the context of metabolic disease and point to novel biological candidates for future studies related to T2D. ; Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking ; European Union FP7 ; Novo Nordisk Foundation ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ; Wellcome Trust ; NIH ; European Research Council (ERC)