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Pharmaceuticals are essential to achieve health outcomes, but are at the same time a major cost factor in every health system. From a patient perspective, access to pharmaceuticals is a proxy for the functioning of the health system. With increasing economic strength, patients become more demanding with regard to access to modern, sophisticated drugs and providers become more aggressive in marketing those drugs. This paper reflects the situation in the pharmaceutical sector in Turkey, identifies critical issues, and discusses policy options based on current trends and the overall policy objectives of the Turkish government. This paper is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two gives overall policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in Turkey; chapter three presents institutional and regulatory framework; chapter four presents reimbursement rules; chapter five focuses on governance issues in the pharmaceutical sector; chapter six gives market overview; chapter seven gives payment for pharmaceuticals in Turkey; chapter eight presents prescribing practices - rational use of medicines; and chapter nine gives conclusions and way forward.

Digital humanities has a venerable pedigree, stretching back to the middle of the twentieth century, but despite noteworthy pioneering contributions it has not become a mainstream practice in Islamic Studies. This essay applies humanities computing to the study of Islamic law. We analyze a representative corpus of works of Islamic substantive law (furu'al-fiqh) from the beginnings of Islamic legal jurisprudence to the early modern period (2nd/8th-13th/19th c.) using several computational tools and methods: text-reuse network analysis based on plain-text annotations and html tags, clustered frequency-based analysis, word clouds, and topic modeling. Applying machine-guided distant reading to Islamic legal texts over the longue-duree, we study (1) the role of the Qur'an, (2) patterns of normative qualifications (ahkam), and (3) the distribution of topics in our corpus. In certain instances the analysis confirms claims made in the scholarly literature on Islamic law, in other instances it corrects such claims.

The principal objectives of this study were to identify the main predictors of the length of postoperative hospital stay for patients undergoing appendectomy in a military training hospital in Turkey, to examine the effects of each significant predictor, and to justify to hospital health care managers the reasons why an increase in effective use of hospital utilization resources is needed and so important. This study gives the results of a 2-year retrospective study conducted at Gulhane Military Medical Academy between January 2003 and January 2005. The medical files of 417 patients undergoing appendectomy during this 2-year period were reviewed. A number of demographic and clinical patient characteristics were examined to determine their significance in lengthening the postoperative and total hospital stay. After taking all demographic and clinical patient characteristics into account, it was determined that those patients who were temporary or short-term service members and whose medical complications were more severe were more likely to stay in the hospital for longer periods. Despite its limitations, the study reveals that factors affecting variations in resource utilization can be minimized by following very simple administrative procedures. Furthermore, the results could increase awareness among hospital managers of the significant factors involved for health care providers in modifying their behavior concerning resource utilization decisions.