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OBJECTIVES: We investigated the postprandial effects of alcohol-free beers in which carbohydrate composition have been modified, compared to regular alcohol-free beer. METHODS: Two cross-over studies were conducted. Firstly, 10 healthy volunteers received 25 g of carbohydrates coming from: regular alcohol-free beer (RB), alcohol-free beer with almost completely eliminated maltose and enriched with isomaltulose (2.5 g/100 mL) and a resistant maltodextrin (0.8 g/100 mL) (IMB), alcohol-free beer with the same maltose removal enriched with resistant maltodextrin (2.0 g/100 mL) (MB) and glucose solution. In the second study, 20 healthy volunteers were provided with 50 g of carbohydrates from white bread and water and the same meal plus 14.3 g of carbohydrates coming from: RB, IMB, MB and extra white bread. Blood was sampled after ingestion every 15 min for 2 h. Glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP-1 were determined in all samples. RESULTS: Clinical and anthropometric characteristics remained constant in all subjects throughout the studies. Importantly, in the first study, the increase of glucose, insulin and GIP after the consumption of IMB and MB was significantly lower than after RB (P = 0.005, P = 0.012 and P < 0.001, respectively). In the second study, the consumption of white bread with IMB and MB showed significantly less increase in glucose levels than just consuming white bread and white bread with RB (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of an alcohol-free beer with modified carbohydrates composition led to a better postprandial response compared to RB and it could attenuate hyperglycemia after ingestion with white bread. FUNDING SOURCES: This work was supported by grants from Gobierno de Aragón, B14–7R, Spain, and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PI15/01,983, PI18/01,777 and CIBERCV. These projects are co-financed by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union "A way to make Europe". CIBERCV is a project of Instituto de Salud ...

Context Approximately 20% to 40% of clinically defined familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) cases do not show a causative mutation in candidate genes (mutation-negative FH), and some of them may have a polygenic origin. Objective The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of ABCG5/G8 genetic variants in mutation-negative FH, as defects in these genes relate to intestinal hyperabsorption of cholesterol and thus ABCG5/G8 variants could explain in part the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia. Design, setting, and patients We sequenced the ABCG5/G8 genes in 214 mutation-negative FH and 97 controls. Surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption (5?-cholestanol, ?-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitostanol) were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography?tandem mass spectrometry in both studied groups. Results We found 8 mutation-negative FH patients (3.73%) with a pathogenic mutation in ABCG5/G8 genes. We observed significantly higher concentration of surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption in mutation-negative FH than in controls. In addition, we found significantly higher concentrations of cholesterol absorption markers in mutation-negative FH with ABCG5/G8 defects than in mutation-negative, ABCG5/G8-negative FH. A gene score reflecting the number of common single nucleotide variants associated with hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in cases than in controls (P = .032). Subjects with a gene score above the mean had significantly higher 5?-cholestanol and stigmasterol than those with a lower gene score. Conclusions Mutation-negative FH subjects accumulate an excess of rare and common gene variations in ABCG5/G8 genes. This variation is associated with increased intestinal absorption of cholesterol, as determined by surrogate makers, suggesting that these loci contribute to hypercholesterolemia by enhancing intestinal cholesterol absorption. ; This study was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PI15/01983, PI13/02507, PI12/01321, CIBERCV, CIBEROBN, and Cuenca Villoro Foundation. These projects are co-financed by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union "A way to make Europe."