Suchergebnisse

Many foods now carry labels showing where they come from and how they are produced. In Europe – especially in France, Italy and Spain – public policies support this "origin-based" marketing. Labels of origin for wines, cheese, spirits, olive oil and meat help to maintain rural incomes and vitality. Local products are common in developing countries too. A product's origin is often seen as an indicator of its quality: people who have moved to one of the growing cities tend to look for foods they know back home. Gradually, local products gain a reputation among a wider group of traders and consumers. Can regional identity be used to maintain and develop markets for smallholder producers in developing countries ? This book reviews the history of origin-based products and identifies critical issues in improving their recognition. Five case studies – from Benin, Peru, South Africa, Costa Rica and France – provide insights into the opportunities and pitfalls of this type of marketing. They explore whether origin-based labelling can enable smallholder producers to develop new markets, increase their competitiveness and raise their income. This book is intended for policy makers and practitioners involved in various aspects of pro-poor market development: those interested in developing businesses and markets for smallholders, promoting pro-poor entrepreneurship and including smallholders in globalizing.

We study here the effects on agricultural markets volatility of a public subsidy to private storage set up after a CAP reform. This kind of instrument is indeed often advocated in current international debates focusing on the management of agricultural price fluctuations. We use a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model to simulate the welfare and market stabilizing impacts of such a subsidy. The model we use assumes that agents have imperfect expectations, which allows a representation of the endogenous dimension of agricultural market volatility. Our results corroborate the fact, often advocated, that removing the european price support scheme tends to increase the agricultural markets volatility in the European Union and to decrease this volatility in the rest of the world. Furthermore, we show that private stockholding behaviours allow a reduction of market volatility, both before and after the political reform. On the other hand, the set up of a public subsidy aimed at stimulating private stockholdings comes to scramble the market signals sent to agricultural producers and therefore has a destabilizing effect.

Le nombre et la distribution des tailles des exploitations agricoles est, parmi d'autres, une variable de contrôle stratégique pour les décideurs publiques souhaitant évaluer ex-ante l'impact des politiques qu'ils mettent au point. Parmis les méthodes utilisées dans la littérature académique, le modèle des chaînes de Markov (MCM) est devenu un des outils les plus utilisés pour expliquer l'évolution passée et pour simuler l'évolution future du nombre et de la distribution des tailles des exploitations agricoles. Dans cet article, je mets en évidence que la mise en œuvre habituelle du MCM par les économistes agricoles souffre du fait que les probabilités de transitions sont estimées comme des paramètres quasiment indépendants (à une contrainte d'additivité près). Le MCM structurel que je propose à la place résout les problèmes qui en résulte : (i) il est parcimonieux en termes de nombre de paramètres à estimer ; (ii) il peut être estimer avec des méthodes économétriques simples ; (iii) il permet d'obtenir une information plus riche sur les processus démographiques à l'œuvre (changements de taille, entrées et sorties). L'application empirique aux données françaises du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole (RICA) montre que le modèle structurel mis au point est bien adapté aux données et que son efficacité est comparable à celle du modèle standard; de plus, il permet de reproduire le même type de faits stylisés mais permet dans le même temps d'obtenir des indicateurs statistiques sur la distribution des entrées et des sorties utiles au praticien. Une projection de la population des exploitations professionnelles françaises à l'horizon 2020 est enfin présentée. ; The number and size distribution of farms are, among others, strategic control variables for public policy makers who wish to assess ex-ante the impact of the agriculture related policies they design. Among the various methods used in the academic literature, the Markov chain model (MCM) has become one of the most popular tool to explain the past evolution of and simulate the future developments in the number and size distribution of farms. In this paper, I show that the way MCMs have been implemented by agricultural economists so far suffers from the fact that transition probabilities are estimated as almost independent variables (up to the summing constraints). The alternative structural MCM I have developed addresses the deriving issues since (i) it is parsimonious in terms of parameters; (ii) it can be estimated with simple econometric techniques; (iii) it reveals a richer information on the demographic processes at hand (size transitions, entries and exits). The empirical application of the model to the French strand of the Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) shows that the structural MCM is well supported by the data and competes with the traditional approach without any significant shortcoming; moreover, it leads to the same kind of stylized facts but further permits to derive statistical indicators on the distribution of entries and exits which may interest the practitioner. A projection of the population of commercial French farms to the 2020 horizon is also presented.

The successes recorded by farmers in Mali in the 'Office du Niger' area in the past ten years or so were previously unheard of on such a scale in sub-Saharan Africa. Development-oriented research has been supporting development operations in the zone for over twenty years. Malian and French scientists, amongst others, have accumulated valuable knowledge that sheds light on the transitions under way. This work is an overview of the research conducted; it enables a novel voyage of discovery of this complex, profoundly human social situation. (DÜI-Sbd)

The highly disputed effects of agricultural trade liberalisation are mostly simulated with static models. Our main objective in this paper is to evaluate the robustness of the static simulation results to the consistent modelling of dynamic behaviours and to the linked specification of price/return expectations. Focusing on a complete trade liberalisation scenario of arable crop markets by developed countries, we find that available static results are quite robust to dynamic specifications and to most expectation schemes. Endogenous market fluctuations due to expectation errors may appear following trade liberalisation. These fluctuations are nevertheless limited by the many feedback effects revealed by our general equilibrium framework.

Environmental offsetting is a concept whereby a company can offset its environmental impacts by paying for another party to reduce its environmental impacts. Offsets are designed for greenhouse gases emissions (carbon) and biodiversity. Though the concept is new in the debate, it relies on the idea common to environmental economists of flexibility and cost efficiency where the firms that have the lowest pollution abatement costs reduce more pollution than firms that have high abatement costs. Even if the offsetting concept makes sense from an economic point of view, the public may oppose it on several grounds. It may be for moral reasons (the polluter must pay), for equity reasons (the victims of the local pollution cannot escape pollution), or for economic reasons (preference for a local public good jointly produced with the global one, or in a dynamic model, incentive for polluters to pollute less in the future). These multiple motivations make difficult eliciting preferences of consumers for products where producers used offsets. Therefore, we use stated choice to elicit these preferences for a good produced using offsets while controlling for attributes such as level and location of joint local public good (water pollution). We find that although respondents declare opposing offsets (indulgence argument), it does not translate in their purchase choices in the choice experiment when controlling for the level of joint local public good.

Since the beginning of 2000s, imports of frozen pieces of chicken from the European Union or America have considerably increased in several African and Caribbean developing countries, competing with local chicken meat. This evolution has contributed to a complete transformation of urban consumption habits as regards poultry meat. Investigations have been done in 2005 in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and in 2006 at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) applied to 180 urban households in each country, showing that imported frozen pieces of chicken have widely substituted for the local chicken which has already quite disappeared in Port-au-Prince, but is still appreciated by Yaoundé consumers. This article aims to assess the impacts, on such an evolution of i) socio-economic features of consumers and ii) the impact of chicken consumption habits, for what imported versus domestic chicken may be more or less adapted. In order to take into account numerous qualitative variables, econometric regressions are using synthetic continue variables built on multiple correspondence analysis of qualitative variables. Results differ from Port-au-Prince to Yaoundé. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les importations de volaille congelée en provenance d'Europe et d'Amérique se sont considérablement développées dans plusieurs pays en développement d'Afrique et des Caraïbe, concurrençant les productions locales de poulet. Cette évolution s'est traduite par une mutation des habitudes de consommation de viande de poulet en milieu urbain. Des enquêtes, menées en 2005 à Yaoundé (Cameroun) puis en 2006 à Port au Prince (Haïti), auprès de 180 ménages urbains chaque pays, ont montré que les découpes importées de poulet congelé se sont largement substituées au poulet local. Ce dernier a presque disparu à Port-au-Prince, mais reste apprécié des consommateurs à Yaoundé. Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les déterminants de cette évolution en évaluant d'une part le rôle joué par la situation socio-économiques des ménages urbains, et d'autre part le rôle joué par les modes de consommation de poulet impact, auxquels les différents produits sur les marchés sont plus ou moins bien adaptés. De façon à prendre en compte les très nombreuses variables qualitatives, les régressions économétriques utilisent des variables synthétiques continues construites sur la base d'analyse des correspondances multiples. Les résultats obtenus diffèrent sensiblement d'une zone enquêtée à l'autre.

Le sanglier est à la fois une ressource et un nuisible : gibier valorisé par les chasseurs et responsable de dommages collectifs, notamment agricoles. Le papier s'intéresse au contrôle des populations de gibier. Notre analyse est basée sur un modèle bioéconomique. La population optimale correspond à la maximisation de la valeur présente de la richesse collective liée à la présence du sanglier, c'est-à-dire le flux actualisé sur un horizon infini du consentement à payer des chasseurs diminué des dommages agricoles. Nous prenons en compte la perte de bien-être d'une réduction des populations supportée par tous les chasseurs. Pour l'analyse empirique, nous avons reconstruit la dynamique des populations de sanglier à partir des données sur les dégâts agricoles. L'analyse des prix des adjudications des chasses en forêt domaniale a permis de révéler la demande de chasse au sanglier, en utilisant la méthode des prix hédonistes. Les solutions d'équilibre de long terme obtenues permettent d'apporter un éclairage sur la politique optimale de contrôle des populations de sanglier. ; Wild-boar can be considered both as a resource and as a pest. It causes collective damages and is also a valued resource for recreative activity as hunting. The paper deals with the economics of hunting game management. A bio-economic model is presented and used for the analysis. The optimal population of big game is the one minimizing the present value of the hunter willingness to pay less agricultural damages with an infinite time horizon. We take into consideration the loss of the hunter welfare from a decrease in game population. For the empirical analysis, we use data on agricultural damages caused by wild-boar in order to reconstruct their population dynamics. Hunter marginal implicit prices for game hunting are estimated using the hedonic price method on a sample of hunting lease prices in eastern French forests. The long term equilibrium solutions can provide elements for optimal control strategies of wild-boar.

National audience ; Since the beginning of 2000s, imports of frozen pieces of chicken from the European Union or America have considerably increased in several African and Caribbean developing countries, competing with local chicken meat. This evolution has contributed to a complete transformation of urban consumption habits as regards poultry meat. Investigations have been done in 2005 in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and in 2006 at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) applied to 180 urban households in each country, showing that imported frozen pieces of chicken have widely substituted for the local chicken which has already quite disappeared in Port-au-Prince, but is still appreciated by Yaoundé consumers. This article aims to assess the impacts, on such an evolution of i) socio-economic features of consumers and ii) the impact of chicken consumption habits, for what imported versus domestic chicken may be more or less adapted. In order to take into account numerous qualitative variables, econometric regressions are using synthetic continue variables built on multiple correspondence analysis of qualitative variables. Results differ from Port-au-Prince to Yaoundé. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les importations de volaille congelée en provenance d'Europe et d'Amérique se sont considérablement développées dans plusieurs pays en développement d'Afrique et des Caraïbe, concurrençant les productions locales de poulet. Cette évolution s'est traduite par une mutation des habitudes de consommation de viande de poulet en milieu urbain. Des enquêtes, menées en 2005 à Yaoundé (Cameroun) puis en 2006 à Port au Prince (Haïti), auprès de 180 ménages urbains chaque pays, ont montré que les découpes importées de poulet congelé se sont largement substituées au poulet local. Ce dernier a presque disparu à Port-au-Prince, mais reste apprécié des consommateurs à Yaoundé. Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les déterminants de cette évolution en évaluant d'une part le rôle joué par la situation socio-économiques des ménages urbains, et d'autre part ...

National audience ; Since the beginning of 2000s, imports of frozen pieces of chicken from the European Union or America have considerably increased in several African and Caribbean developing countries, competing with local chicken meat. This evolution has contributed to a complete transformation of urban consumption habits as regards poultry meat. Investigations have been done in 2005 in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and in 2006 at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) applied to 180 urban households in each country, showing that imported frozen pieces of chicken have widely substituted for the local chicken which has already quite disappeared in Port-au-Prince, but is still appreciated by Yaoundé consumers. This article aims to assess the impacts, on such an evolution of i) socio-economic features of consumers and ii) the impact of chicken consumption habits, for what imported versus domestic chicken may be more or less adapted. In order to take into account numerous qualitative variables, econometric regressions are using synthetic continue variables built on multiple correspondence analysis of qualitative variables. Results differ from Port-au-Prince to Yaoundé. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les importations de volaille congelée en provenance d'Europe et d'Amérique se sont considérablement développées dans plusieurs pays en développement d'Afrique et des Caraïbe, concurrençant les productions locales de poulet. Cette évolution s'est traduite par une mutation des habitudes de consommation de viande de poulet en milieu urbain. Des enquêtes, menées en 2005 à Yaoundé (Cameroun) puis en 2006 à Port au Prince (Haïti), auprès de 180 ménages urbains chaque pays, ont montré que les découpes importées de poulet congelé se sont largement substituées au poulet local. Ce dernier a presque disparu à Port-au-Prince, mais reste apprécié des consommateurs à Yaoundé. Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les déterminants de cette évolution en évaluant d'une part le rôle joué par la situation socio-économiques des ménages urbains, et d'autre part le rôle joué par les modes de consommation de poulet impact, auxquels les différents produits sur les marchés sont plus ou moins bien adaptés. De façon à prendre en compte les très nombreuses variables qualitatives, les régressions économétriques utilisent des variables synthétiques continues construites sur la base d'analyse des correspondances multiples. Les résultats obtenus diffèrent sensiblement d'une zone enquêtée à l'autre.

National audience ; Since the beginning of 2000s, imports of frozen pieces of chicken from the European Union or America have considerably increased in several African and Caribbean developing countries, competing with local chicken meat. This evolution has contributed to a complete transformation of urban consumption habits as regards poultry meat. Investigations have been done in 2005 in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and in 2006 at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) applied to 180 urban households in each country, showing that imported frozen pieces of chicken have widely substituted for the local chicken which has already quite disappeared in Port-au-Prince, but is still appreciated by Yaoundé consumers. This article aims to assess the impacts, on such an evolution of i) socio-economic features of consumers and ii) the impact of chicken consumption habits, for what imported versus domestic chicken may be more or less adapted. In order to take into account numerous qualitative variables, econometric regressions are using synthetic continue variables built on multiple correspondence analysis of qualitative variables. Results differ from Port-au-Prince to Yaoundé. ; Depuis le début des années 2000, les importations de volaille congelée en provenance d'Europe et d'Amérique se sont considérablement développées dans plusieurs pays en développement d'Afrique et des Caraïbe, concurrençant les productions locales de poulet. Cette évolution s'est traduite par une mutation des habitudes de consommation de viande de poulet en milieu urbain. Des enquêtes, menées en 2005 à Yaoundé (Cameroun) puis en 2006 à Port au Prince (Haïti), auprès de 180 ménages urbains chaque pays, ont montré que les découpes importées de poulet congelé se sont largement substituées au poulet local. Ce dernier a presque disparu à Port-au-Prince, mais reste apprécié des consommateurs à Yaoundé. Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les déterminants de cette évolution en évaluant d'une part le rôle joué par la situation socio-économiques des ménages urbains, et d'autre part le rôle joué par les modes de consommation de poulet impact, auxquels les différents produits sur les marchés sont plus ou moins bien adaptés. De façon à prendre en compte les très nombreuses variables qualitatives, les régressions économétriques utilisent des variables synthétiques continues construites sur la base d'analyse des correspondances multiples. Les résultats obtenus diffèrent sensiblement d'une zone enquêtée à l'autre.

One Health is a multidisciplinary approach to achieve optimal health for people, animals and the environment through local, regional and global research collaboration. Particularly in Southeast Asia, One Health has gained much more attention due to the rise of cross-species epidemics such as SARS, avian influenza, and Nipah virus. With 70% of emerging diseases being of animal origins, this has become a crucial issue for Southeast Asia due to increasingly high urbanization rate and dramatic expansion of livestock production. To address these concerns, an expert workshop "From One Health Theory to Reality: Practical challenges, impact of One Health initiatives and gaps in research" was held in Vietnam as part of the European Project SEA-EU-NET "ASEAN-EU Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation jointly tackling global challenges" (www.sea-eu.net) - a European Union's Seventh Framework Program-funded project which aims at strengthening S&T cooperation between Europe and Southeast Asia. CIRAD on behalf of SEA-EU-NET partners organized this expert workshop on One Health, focusing on lessons learned from practical experience of One Health implementation and foresight research needs. Six local and international organizations including National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), the National Institute for Veterinary Research (NIVR), the French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), the British High Council Singapore (BHC), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and the Southeast Asia One Health University Network (SEAOHUN) jointly organize this workshop. The workshop held from 13-15 October 2014 in Hanoi, Vietnam gathered more than 100 delegates from 17 countries with over 20 scientific presentations, shared experiences, interventions and solutions to cover three areas: (i) One Health surveillance; (ii) One Health and EcoHealth research at the interface between wildlife, domestic animals and people; and (iii) One Health challenges around antimicrobial resistance.

Cette communication vise à se pencher précisément sur le concept de souveraineté alimentaire, ses fondements idéologiques et les instruments économiques qu'il suggère. La question de recherche au cœur de cette communication est la suivante : la « souveraineté alimentaire » peut-elle constituer pour les PED, des points de vue politique et économique, un argument convainquant leur permettant d'accroitre leur niveau de protection vis-à-vis des importations agricoles ? D'un point de vue méthode, nous analysons l'émergence du concept de souveraineté alimentaire, afin de comprendre précisément ce que recouvre ce terme, pour ceux qui l'emploient et souhaitent promouvoir le concept, mais aussi afin de saisir les implications économiques de son éventuelle mise en œuvre pour les PED et leurs partenaires commerciaux. L'originalité de notre démarche est d'aborder cette question en associant une approche historique et économique de la sécurité alimentaire à une analyse cognitive de la souveraineté alimentaire. ; We based our analysis on recent WTO negotiations to compare the concept of Food sovereignty as developed by NGOs, and the economic instruments included in WTO draft agreements concerning developing countries. Our starting hypothesis was that the concept of Food Sovereignty could be a political tool, and could provide economic instruments to renew the necessary protection of agriculture in developing countries. The specificity of our approach is to combine historical-economic analysis of food security based on facts with cognitive analysis - developed by political scientists - of the concept of Food Sovereignty.