Suchergebnisse

Introduction: Considering the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a vaccine is being developed to control the disease as a complementary solution to hygiene measures—and better, in social terms, than social distancing. Given that a vaccine will eventually be produced, information will be needed to support a potential campaign to promote vaccination. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the variables affecting the likelihood of refusal and indecision toward a vaccine against COVID-19 and to determine the acceptance of the vaccine for different scenarios of effectiveness and side effects. Materials and Methods: A multinomial logistic regression method based on the Health Belief Model was used to estimate the current methodology, using data obtained by an online anonymous survey of 370 respondents in Chile. Results: The results indicate that 49% of respondents were willing to be vaccinated, with 28% undecided or 77% of individuals who would potentially be willing to be inoculated. The main variables that explained the probability of rejection or indecision were associated with the severity of COVID-19, such as, the side effects and effectiveness of the vaccine; perceived benefits, including immunity, decreased fear of contagion, and the protection of oneself and the environment; action signals, such as, responses from ones' family and the government, available information, and specialists' recommendations; and susceptibility, including the contagion rate per 1,000 inhabitants and relatives with COVID-19, among others. Our analysis of hypothetical vaccine scenarios revealed that individuals preferred less risky vaccines in terms of fewer side effects, rather than effectiveness. Additionally, the variables that explained the indecision toward or rejection of a potential COVID-19 vaccine could be used in designing public health policies. Conclusions: We discovered that it is necessary to formulate specific, differentiated vaccination-promotion strategies for the anti-vaccine and ...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of COVID‐19 has a social and economic impact on people, leaving them distressed and fearful of getting infected. OBJECTIVE: To determine the variables attributable to the fear of contracting COVID‐19. DESIGN: This is a quantitative study based on an online cross‐sectional self‐administered survey in Chile between 10 July 2020 and 10 August 2020. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 531, comprising over 18‐year‐old participants from middle‐ and high‐income levels, was selected. OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimations were obtained using a probit regression model with marginal effects. RESULTS: Fear prevailed mainly in women. It has a positive relationship with variables such as chronic illnesses, infectious family or relatives, reduction in economic activity and perception of bad government response to a pandemic. Fear has a negative relationship with knowledge about COVID‐19, education level and ageing. Moreover, those who consider socioeconomic impact less important than health care do not fear a COVID‐19 infection. DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSION: The socioeconomic and health aspects help predict fears. Thus, the government should prioritize these variables in implementing policies. The government's credibility and communication systems can also reduce fears of contracting COVID‐19. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: A pilot focus group of COVID‐19–recuperated individuals and some members of our interest groups were consulted in the design stage of the study; this helped in constructing the survey questions. Additionally, three independent individuals volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people's health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be available soon. However, there has been no assessment of whether an individual and society value a vaccine monetarily, and what factors determine this value. Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. For this, we used the contingent valuation approach, in its single and double-bounded dichotomous choice format, which was based on a hypothetical market for a vaccine. The sample used was obtained through an online survey of n = 566 individuals from Chile. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease (), knowledge of COVID-19 (), being sick with COVID-19 (), perception of government performance (), employment status (), income (), health care (), adaptation to quarantine with children at home ( and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 (. According to our discrete choice model in double-bounded dichotomous format, it was concluded that the individuals' WTP is US$184.72 (CI: 165.52–203.92; p < 0.01). This implies a social valuation of approximately US$2232 million, corresponding to 1.09% of the GNP per capita.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had a negative impact on people's health and life behavior, but also on economies around the world. At the same time, laboratories and institutions are working hard to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine, which we hope will be available soon. However, there has been no assessment of whether an individual and society value a vaccine monetarily, and what factors determine this value. Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. For this, we used the contingent valuation approach, in its single and double-bounded dichotomous choice format, which was based on a hypothetical market for a vaccine. The sample used was obtained through an online survey of n = 566 individuals from Chile. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease (), knowledge of COVID-19 (), being sick with COVID-19 (), perception of government performance (), employment status (), income (), health care (), adaptation to quarantine with children at home ( and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 (. According to our discrete choice model in double-bounded dichotomous format, it was concluded that the individuals' WTP is US$184.72 (CI: 165.52–203.92; p < 0.01). This implies a social valuation of approximately US$2232 million, corresponding to 1.09% of the GNP per capita.

Utilizando el método de valoración contingente con el formato de pregunta dicotómico se valora la creación de una reserva natural en la VIII Región. La valoración se realiza utilizando la muestra en forma global y estratificada según los ingresos de los entrevistados, los resultados muestran que existe una disposición a pagar diferente dependiendo de la pertenencia del entrevistado a uno de los tres estratos económicos. Adicionalmente, se determina la existencia de una disposición a pagar positiva por la conservación de recursos ambientales aún a niveles muy bajos de ingresos. Las estimaciones permiten obtener medidas de bienestar agregadas que reflejen correctamente la disposición a pagar de la población por la creación de una Reserva, como base para la toma de decisiones de política que afecta la provisión de bienes ambientales.

Este trabajo presenta una estimación de la disposición a pagar por proyectos destinados a lograr un mejoramiento en la calidad del aire en el Gran Santiago en Chile, vía la implementación de un número determinado de hectáreas de áreas verdes. Se utiliza el método de valoración contingente, asumiendo una forma de función lineal de la función indirecta de utilidad y una distribución logística. Considerando la estimación puntual de la disposición a pagar, en el modelo dicotómico doble, da un valor de alrededor de 3,8 dólares mensuales por familia por un año. Extrapolando la disposición a pagar de todas las familias de la región metropolitana, descontando proporcionalmente las personas que manifestaron su rechazo al instrumento, da una disposición a pagar agregada de US$3.697.990 mensual. Palabras Claves: valoración contingente, elección dicotómica, calidad ambiental. Clasificación JEL: C14, C19, Q20. Abstract: This work presents an estimation of the willingness to pay for projects destined to improve the air quality of the Great Santiago in Chile, through the implementation of a determined number of hectares of green areas. The contingent valuation method is used, assuming a linear function form of the indirect function of utility and a logit distribution. Considering the specific estimation of the willingness to pay, the doubled bound dichotomic choice model gives a value of around 3.8 dollars monthly by family per a year. Extrapolating the willingness to pay by family to all the families of the metropolitan region, and proportionally discounting the people who indicated their rejection to the instrument, it gives an added WTP of US$3.697.990 monthly. Keywords: contingent valuation, dichotomic choice, environmental quality. Classification JEL: C14, C19, Q20. Résumé: Ce travail présente une estimation de la disponibilité à payer pour des projets destinés à l.amélioration dans la qualité de l.air dans le Grand Santiago du Chili. Ces projets consistent dans la construction d.un nombre déterminé d.hectares de zones vertes. On utilise la méthode d.évaluation contingente, sous l.hypothèse d.une fonction indirecte d.utilité linéaire et d.une distribution logistique. L.estimation ponctuelle de la disponibilité à payer dans le modèle dichotomique double est d.environ 3.8 dollars mensuels par famille et par an. L.extrapolation de la disponibilité à payer de toutes les familles de la région métropolitaine, une fois déduit proportionnellement les personnes qui ont manifesté leur rejet à ce projet, permet d.obtenir une disponibilité à payer agrégée de 3.697.990 dollars mensuels. Mots Clef : évaluation contingente, choix dichotomique, qualité de l.air. Classification JEL: C14, C19, Q20.

Las condiciones naturales y la infraestructura de servicios existente en la playa de Dichato (VIII Región-Chile), posibilitan la presencia de un considerable número de familias durante las temporadas de verano. Mediante la adecuada aplicación del método del costo de viaje, es posible estimar la demanda recreacional de la playa y sus beneficios económicos. El documento privilegia la modelación del número de viajes efectuados durante un período de tiempo determinado, y en este sentido presenta los resultados econométricos de los siguientes modelos estadísticos: estimación por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios de una forma funcional lineal (OLSL), y de una forma semi-log (OLSS); estimación por máxima verosimilitud de una forma funcional lineal (MLEL), de una semi-log (MLES), de una distribución Poisson tanto general (POIS) como truncada (TPOIS), y de una distribución de una Binomial Negativa también general (BNEG) como truncada (TBNEG). En total son ocho (8) modelos, de los cuales OLSL, OLSS, MLEL y MLES se caracterizan por generar estimadores basados en distribuciones de probabilidades continuas. Los restantes modelos POIS, TPOIS, BNEG y TBNEG, corresponden a distribuciones discretas.

El artículo presenta la comparación de las medidas de bienestar, obtenidas mediante dos interpretaciones teóricas para el método de valoración contingente (VC) con formato binario. En primer lugar se discute el enfoque de diferencia de la función de utilidad indirecta. Posteriormente se desarrolla la alternativa conocida como función de variación. Se estiman dos formas funcionales (lineal y logarítmica) para cada estructura teórica, y se calculan las respectivas medias y medianas como medidas de bienestar. Para estimar sus varianzas, se utiliza un procedimiento de simulación que genera una distribución empírica de las medidas de bienestar para la definición de los intervalos de confianza. Alternativamente se utiliza el método delta, el cual aproxima linealmente las medidas de bienestar usando la expansión de la serie de Taylor de primer orden. Palabras Clave: Valoración contingente, función indirecta de utilidad, función de variación.

Objective. To determine the willingness to pay of parents of teenage daughters for a vaccine against human papillomavirus in the Maule Region, Chile. Materials and methods. A sample of 386 parents with daughters between 12 and 18 years old, representing the five largest cities of the Region of Maule, socioeconomically stratified. WTP was obtained using the contingent valuation method in double bounded format. Results. Parents are willing to pay an average of US$ 252.71 to vaccinate their daughters against virus, where the price and number of daughters negatively affects the probability of willingness to pay, and family income positively affects the probability. Conclusion. There is a possibility of using shared funding between the government and the parents of potential daughter to be affected by the human papillomavirus to reduce cervical cancer events. ; Objetivo. Determinar la disposición de los padres de hijas adolescentes a pagar por una vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano en la Región del Maule, Chile. Material y métodos. Se utilizó una muestra de 386 padres con hijas entre 12 y 18 años, representativa de las cinco ciudades de mayor población de la Región del Maule, estratificada socioeconómicamente. La disposición a pagar se obtuvo usando el método de valoración contingente en su formato dicotómico doble. Resultados. Los padres están dispuestos a pagar en promedio 126.538 pesos chilenos para vacunar a sus hijas contra el virus; el precio y número de hijas afecta negativamente la probabilidad de la disposición a pagar, y el ingreso familiar afecta positivamente dicha probabilidad. Conclusión. Existe la posibilidad de utilizar financiamiento compartido entre el Estado y los padres de las potenciales hijas que puedan recibir la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano para reducir la incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino.

BACKGROUND: The leading emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) are increasingly shaping the landscape of the global health sector demand and supply for medical goods and services. BRICS' share of global health spending and future projections will play a prominent role during the 2020s. The purpose of the current research was to examine the decades-long underlying historical trends in BRICS countries' health spending and explore these data as the grounds for reliable forecasting of their health expenditures up to 2030. METHODS: BRICS' health spending data spanning 1995–2017 were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Financing Global Health 2019 database. Total health expenditure, government, prepaid private and out-of-pocket spending per capita and gross domestic product (GDP) share of total health spending were forecasted for 2018–2030. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to obtain future projections based on time series analysis. RESULTS: Per capita health spending in 2030 is projected to be as follows: Brazil, $1767 (95% prediction interval [PI] 1615, 1977); Russia, $1933 (95% PI 1549, 2317); India, $468 (95% PI 400.4, 535); China, $1707 (95% PI 1079, 2334); South Africa, $1379 (95% PI 755, 2004). Health spending as a percentage of GDP in 2030 is projected as follows: Brazil, 8.4% (95% PI 7.5, 9.4); Russia, 5.2% (95% PI 4.5, 5.9); India, 3.5% (95% PI 2.9%, 4.1%); China, 5.9% (95% PI 4.9, 7.0); South Africa, 10.4% (95% PI 5.5, 15.3). CONCLUSIONS: All BRICS countries show a long-term trend towards increasing their per capita spending in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). India and Russia are highly likely to maintain stable total health spending as a percentage of GDP until 2030. China, as a major driver of global economic growth, will be able to significantly expand its investment in the health sector across an array of indicators. Brazil is the only large nation whose health expenditure as a percentage of GDP ...