Suchergebnisse

The aim of the publication is a comparative analysis of the migration crisis of 2015 and 2022, with particular emphasis on refugee policy in Turkey and Poland and in the broadly understood context of the European Union. Embedded in the interdisciplinary field of European Studies, the article is based on the assumption that the dynamics and scale of migration flows in 2022 distinguish this crisis from the events of 2015, and the neighborly location of Ukraine influenced a different assessment of the situation than it was in the case of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa or the Middle East. The cultural and ethnic proximity of Ukrainians has played a key role and is reflected in EU legislation regulating their status as displaced persons. The conclusions highlight the trend in Turkey and EU countries to renationalise refugee protection measures, the temporary nature of which is becoming a common standard. The research is based on the legal-dogmatic method, institutional analysis, comparative method and discourse analysis, using appropriate research techniques.

The article examines the functioning of the Schengen area in the economic, social and cultural dimension. Deeply rooted in the interdisciplinary stream of European studies it adopts the analytical perspective of neo-functionalism, perceiving Schengen area as a complementary to the internal market and constructivist approach emphasising the role of ideas as a mechanism shaping the sense of identity and community. The conclusions confirm the positive impact of the Schengen on economic growth, however the benefits are not evenly distributed among the participating states. The Schengen Agreement also improves cultural exchange and is considered the greatest achievement of an integration project. It also deepens the effect of isolation from third countries, but abolition of Schengen area would bring serious economic costs and negatively affect the lifestyle and freedom of movement of Europeans.

The presented article attempts to put carrier sanctions policies in a perspective of the migration and refugee crisis in the EU. The development, motives and rationale of carriers' liability are explored to highlight the process of privatisation and offshoring of immigration control at the level of the EU and its Member States. The article is based on an extensive review of documents and the literature related to the carrier sanctions policy and the migration crisis. An interdisciplinary approach based on European Studies is mostly applied. The migration and refugee crisis is examined as one of the most relevant factors shaping the carrier sanctions policy in the EU. The current legal and political context is presented, including binding international and EU regulations related to carriers' responsibilities. The link between the carrier sanctions and visa policy is explored, as well as main arguments for and against maintaining the measures concerned. The paper argues that carriers sanctions constitute a relevant supporting tool for the national and EU visa policy. Aimed mostly at curbing migratory flows and combating illegal immigration, carriers' liability legislation may lead to exclusion from access to a fair and efficient asylum procedure. ; Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę polityki sankcji nakładanych na przewoźników w perspektywie kryzysu migracyjnego i uchodźczego w UE. Omówiono w nim ewolucję i motywy ustanowienia odpowiedzialności przewoźników w celu ukazania procesu prywatyzacji i relokacji kontroli imigracyjnej na poziomie UE i jej państw członkowskich. Artykuł opiera się na obszernym przeglądzie dokumentów i literatury związanej z polityką sankcji przewoźników i kryzysem migracyjnym. W większości przypadków stosuje się podejście interdyscyplinarne oparte na badaniach europejskich. Kryzys migracyjny i uchodźczy jest rozpatrywany jako jeden z najbardziej istotnych czynników kształtujących politykę sankcji nakładanych na przewoźników w UE. Przedstawiono aktualny kontekst prawny i polityczny, w tym wiążące przepisy prawa międzynarodowego i unijnego regulującego obowiązki przewoźników. Analizie poddano też związek między odpowiedzialnością przewoźników a polityką wizową, a także najważniejsze argumenty przemiawiające za albo przeciw utrzymaniu wymienionych środków. W artykule postawiono tezę, że odpowiedzialność przewoźników stanowi istotne narzędzie wspierające krajową i unijną politykę wizową. Ukierunkowane głównie na ograniczenie przepływów migracyjnych i zwalczanie nielegalnej imigracji przepisy dotyczące odpowiedzialności przewoźników mogą jednakże uniemożliwić dostęp do uczciwej i skutecznej procedury azylowej.

This article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimensions. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature on the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to the intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of the Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.

This article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimensions. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature on the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to the intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of the Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.

The key purpose of ETIAS is the monitoring and selection of persons entering the EU and authorization of entry to its territory. The authors of this new large-scale database project underline clearly that the ETIAS permit is not a visa but should be more accurately referred to as a visa-waiver. However, as an electronic system dedicated to entry authorization linked to the traveler's passport, ETIAS manages the movement across EU external borders of the citizens from 62 third countries, i.e., a population of about 1,4 billion people eligible for visa-free travel. The main aim of the article is to compare Schengen visas and travel authorization that will be issued under ETIAS regulation starting in 2022. The comparative analysis includes several arguments in favour of the thesis that travel decisions issued under the new ETIAS regime fit into the broad legal definition of visas, understood as authorization to enter the territory of the European Union. ; Głównym celem systemu ETIAS jest selekcja i monitorowanie osób przekraczających granicę zewnętrzną Unii Europejskiej poprzez wydawanie zezwoleń na wjazd. Autorzy tego nowego, zakrojonego na szeroką skalę projektu wyraźnie podkreślają, że zezwolenie ETIAS nie jest wizą, niemniej ten kolejny elektroniczny system autoryzacji wjazdu usprawni zarządzanie mobilnością obywateli 62 państw trzecich, a więc populacją 1,4 mld osób uprawnionych do bezwizowego przekraczania zewnętrznych granic UE. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi porównanie wiz Schengen oraz zezwoleń na podróż, które mają zostać wprowadzone na mocy rozporządzenia ETIAS w 2022 r. Analiza porównawcza zawiera szereg argumentów przemawiających za tezą, że zezwolenia wydawane w ramach nowego reżimu ETIAS wpisują się w szeroką definicję prawną wiz rozumianych jako upoważnienie do wjazdu na terytorium UE. ; Основной целью ETIAS является отбор и контроль лиц, пересекающих внешнюю границу Европейского Союза, путем выдачи разрешений на въезд. Авторы этого нового масштабного проекта ясно дают понять, что разрешение ETIAS не ...

The key purpose of ETIAS is the monitoring and selection of persons entering the EU and authorization of entry to its territory. The authors of this new large-scale database project underline clearly that the ETIAS permit is not a visa but should be more accurately referred to as a visa-waiver. However, as an electronic system dedicated to entry authorization linked to the traveler's passport, ETIAS manages the movement across EU external borders of the citizens from 62 third countries, i.e., a population of about 1,4 billion people eligible for visa-free travel. The main aim of the article is to compare Schengen visas and travel authorization that will be issued under ETIAS regulation starting in 2022. The comparative analysis includes several arguments in favour of the thesis that travel decisions issued under the new ETIAS regime fit into the broad legal definition of visas understood as authorization to enter the territory of the European Union. ; Głównym celem systemu ETIAS jest selekcja i monitorowanie osób przekraczających granicę zewnętrzną Unii Europejskiej poprzez wydawanie zezwoleń na wjazd. Autorzy tego nowego, zakrojonego na szeroką skalę projektu wyraźnie podkreślają, że zezwolenie ETIAS nie jest wizą, niemniej ten kolejny elektroniczny system autoryzacji wjazdu usprawni zarządzanie mobilnością obywateli 62 państw trzecich, a więc populacją 1,4 mld osób uprawnionych do bezwizowego przekraczania zewnętrznych granic UE. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi porównanie wiz Schengen oraz zezwoleń na podróż, które mają zostać wprowadzone na mocy rozporządzenia ETIAS w 2022 r. Analiza porównawcza zawiera szereg argumentów przemawiających za tezą, że zezwolenia wydawane w ramach nowego reżimu ETIAS wpisują się w szeroką definicję prawną wiz rozumianych jako upoważnienie do wjazdu na terytorium UE.

This article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimension. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature of the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, the European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.

This article explores the formal impact of various citizenships and travel documents held by Palestinians on their freedom to engage in international travel. Based on a theoretical analysis of passports and the global visa regime, it claims that international recognition is not only pre-requisite of statehood but also affects the scope of mobility in cases of citizens of de facto states, including the Palestinian Authority. The research is focused on the following themes: the status of the population holding a Palestinian Authority Passport in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in comparison to Palestinians who are citizens of Israel and carry passports of this state, the exceptional situation of East Jerusalemites as well as the case of Palestinians with Jordanian passports. Visa availability and other formal barriers for international travel are also examined. The argumentation is supported by the analysis of visa restriction indexes referring to the Palestinian Authority and to Israel. The article concludes that the mobility of Palestinians varies to a large extent depending on travel documents held and the recognition of a citizenship and the passport that comes with it is strictly dependent of the recognition of state sovereignty. Although in some cases citizenship can be divorced from the international recognition, the scope of visa-free mobility related to passports is always impaired.