EU as a military actor is a hotly discussed topic in contemporary European Integration. At this time EU-led operations apparently show EU's lack of market-scale defence industries, weakness of defence technological and industrial bases, and ineffectiveness of military cooperation programmes. Therefore, EU could try to improve its military operational capabilities through two approaches, namely the 'NATO approach' under the concept of CJTF and intra-European 'EU-approach' involving ECAP, Helsinki Headline Goal, and Headline Goal 2010, etc. Simultaneously, there is the EU-established European Defence Agency (EDA). Since 2004, EDA has served as the main driving force for promoting EU's military capabilities. But an integrated and inter-operable EU force does not exist. Some challenges, e.g., the security exemption under Article 346, the government monopoly of the defence industries, the rush reduction of the defence budget, and the small scale of R&D investment, etc., could eliminate the functions of the EDA. Only when EU-MS strengthen their political willingness, accept the European-wide defence cooperation programmes, cooperate with the European Commission and ESDC, and utilize the Permanent Structured Cooperation under Lisbon Treaty, then EU can stably develop its military capability.
EU as a military actor is a hotly discussed topic in contemporary European Integration. At this time EU-led operations apparently show EU's lack of market-scale defence industries, weakness of defence technological and industrial bases, and ineffectiveness of military cooperation programmes. Therefore, EU could try to improve its military operational capabilities through two approaches, namely the 'NATO approach' under the concept of CJTF and intra-European 'EU-approach' involving ECAP, Helsinki Headline Goal, and Headline Goal 2010, etc. Simultaneously, there is the EU-established European Defence Agency (EDA). Since 2004, EDA has served as the main driving force for promoting EU's military capabilities. But an integrated and inter-operable EU force does not exist. Some challenges, e.g., the security exemption under Article 346, the government monopoly of the defence industries, the rush reduction of the defence budget, and the small scale of R&D investment, etc., could eliminate the functions of the EDA. Only when EU-MS strengthen their political willingness, accept the European-wide defence cooperation programmes, cooperate with the European Commission and ESDC, and utilize the Permanent Structured Cooperation under Lisbon Treaty, then EU can stably develop its military capability. Adapted from the source document.
Der Autor befasst sich mit einem der spannendsten Untersuchungsfelder der Europäischen Union im globalen Kontext: die Entwicklung der europäischen Sicherheitspolitik nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts. Insbesondere geht er auf die Frage der sicherheitspolitischen Positionierung der ESVP und den sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen für das transatlantische Bündnis und das Verhältnis zur NATO ein – aber auch die Beziehungen zu Russland werden diskutiert. Die Rolle der ESVP als Kernkonzept des Aufbaus einer europäischen Militärmacht wird auch im Hinblick auf ihre institutionellen und materiellen Fähigkeiten hinterfragt. Anhand allianztheoretischer Überlegungen kommt der Autor zu einer kritischen Bewertung der ordnungsstabilisierenden Rolle von Sicherheitsregimen und sucht eine Lösung des "europäischen Sicherheitsdilemmas" in der Konzeption einer "Kollektivhegemonie". Chang gelingt eine umfassende Analyse der europäischen Sicherheitssituation der Gegenwart, die zu neuen Diskussionen über die europäische Sicherheitsarchitektur anregt. Der Autor ist seit 2006 Assistant Professor beim Forschungsinstitut für Europäische Fragen an der Tankang Universität in Taipei
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The author thinks that although in literature communists regard themselves as realists, their definition of realism varies according to the requirements of the moment. Inasmuch as politics takes command, literature is degraded to become an instrument of propaganda. Between 1949 and 1976, Chinese writers followed the guidelines set up by the communist literary bureaucrats and produced a series of stilted and trite literary works. The appearance of "protest literature" since 1976 injected new life into the PRC's literature. The article analyzes some of the modern literary techniques - stream of consciousness, irony, symbols, characterization, plot and time and space - presented in this protest literature. (DÜI-Sen)
AbstractNumerous papers have investigated the pricing of options on traded assets when either the underlying asset follows a jump diffusion process or the volatility of the underlying asset is assumed to be stochastic. This paper extends the literature by combining the transformation technique of Hilliard and Schwartz (1996) and the discrete‐time jump diffusion model of Amin (1993) to develop a simple tree. The advantage of this approach is that it can easily value American options under a stochastic volatility and jump environment. We investigate how stochastic volatility and jump parameters affect the option values. From the simulation results, we find that the jump parameters significantly affect the American and European option values, especially for the near atthe‐money options. We also demonstrate that our model can capture the volatility smile observed in the market.RésuméNombre d'articles ont examiné la fixation du prix des options lorsque que le sous‐jacent suit un processus de diffusion avec sauts ou que la volatilité du sous‐jacent est présumé stochastique. Notre article pousse plus loin ces études en combinant la technique de transformation de Hilliard et Schwartz (1996) et le modèle de la diffusion avec sauts du temps discret d'Amin (1993) pour développer un schéma simple. L'avantage de notre approche est de permettre une évaluation facile des options américaines lors d'une volatilité stochastique ou dans un environnement avec sauts. Nous examinons comment la volatilité stochastique et les paramètres avec sauts affectent les valeurs des options. Grâce à des résultats simulés, nous trouvons que les paramètres avec sauts affectent considérablement les valeurs de types américain et européen, en particulier pour l'option à la parité proche. Nous démontrons également que notre modèle pourra décrire le phénomène du 'volatility smile' observé au marché.
A small number of Chinese eat wild animals mindlessly to satisfy their special dietary addictions, which led to the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the recent outbreak of the coronavirus pneumonia. The loss is huge, and the current Chinese law is unable to cope with it. It is strongly advised that the "Wildlife Protection Act" be amended as soon as possible to expand its scope of protection and include wildlife that may cause public health incidents. We need to establish a directory system that prohibits hunting, breeding, transferring and eating of wildlife, and force the whole population to adopt an environmentally friendly diet that is responsible to the state and society. It is suggested that the design of the directory system should be based on comprehensive and scientific provisions on hunting, breeding, transporting, storing, and eating, etc. It is also suggested to establish a system that includes law enforcement assessment, a bonus reporting mechanism, and administrative public interest litigation to strengthen administrative, social, and judicial supervision. For offenders, it is suggested to add legal liability of fines and administrative detention in the "Legal liability" section of the "Wildlife Protection Act". In addition, the Chinese Criminal Law should be amended to include crimes of illegal hunting, breeding, transporting, storing, transferring, purchasing and eating of wild animals. ; Un pequeño número de chinos come animales silvestres inconscientemente para satisfacer sus adicciones dietéticas especiales, lo que llevó al brote de SARS en 2003 y al reciente brote de la neumonía por coronavirus. La pérdida es enorme, y la legislación china actual no puede hacerle frente. Se recomienda encarecidamente que se modifique el "Wildlife Protection Act" (en castellano, Ley de Protección de Vida Silvestre) lo antes posible para ampliar su alcance de protección e incluir la vida silvestre que pueda causar incidentes de salud pública. Necesitamos establecer un ordenamiento sistemático que prohíba la caza, la reproducción, la transferencia y el consumo de vida silvestre, y obligar a toda la población a adoptar una dieta ecológica que sea responsable con el estado y la sociedad. Se sugiere que el diseño de este ordenamiento debería basarse en disposiciones comprensivas y científicas sobre caza, cría, transporte, almacenamiento y alimentación, etc. También se sugiere establecer un ordenamiento que incluya evaluación de cumplimiento de la ley, mecanismo de informes de bonificación, y litigios administrativos de interés público para fortalecer la supervisión administrativa, social y judicial. Para los delincuentes, se sugiere agregar las sanciones de las multas y la detención administrativa en la sección "Responsabilidad jurídica" del "Wildlife Protection Act". Además, la Ley penal china también debería modificarse para incluir los delitos de caza ilegal, cría, transporte, almacenamiento, compra y consumo de animales silvestres.
Jiezhong Chang, who is a JD student at Wake Forest University, contributed to this article ; In order to eliminate the risk of potential disease spreading between people and wildlife, and to safeguard public health security of the society, as well as to maintain the ecological balance, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China passed the decision to abolish the bad habit of consuming wildlife mindlessly in February 2020, which stipulated the scope of the fasting, measures of punishment, scope of edible livestock and poultry, and the special conditions and approval measures of non-edible utilization of wild animals, etc. The "Decision" reflects the practical and realistic legislative attitude: it not only eliminates the bad habits, but also provides the provisions of special conditions for captive breeding, which safeguard the basic stability of the economy. The method of combining Blacklist and Whitelist is adopted to delimit the boundary between illegal and legal. The whole chain of legal norms is constructed, which stipulated the applicable or suggested applicable legal liabilities for illegal acts and served as the "talons" of the law that brought it into play. ; Con el objetivo de eliminar el riesgo de una potencial propagación de enfermedades entre personas y fauna silvestre, y salvaguardar la seguridad de la salud pública de la sociedad, así como mantener el equilibrio ecológico, el Comité Permanente del Congreso Nacional del Pueblo de China aprobó, en febrero de 2020, la decisión de abolir el mal hábito de consumir fauna silvestre irresponsablemente, que establece el alcance de la prohibición, las sanciones, la importancia del ganado y las aves de corral comestibles, las condiciones especiales y las medidas de utilización no comestible de animales silvestres, etc. La "Decisión" refleja una actitud legislativa práctica y realista: no solo elimina los malos hábitos, sino que también proporciona las condiciones especiales para la cría en cautividad, que salvaguardan la estabilidad económica. Se adopta el método de combinar la Lista Negra y la Lista Blanca para delimitar la barrera entre ilegal y legal. Se construye todo el conjunto de normas jurídicas, que establecen las responsabilidades frente a conductas ilícitas, y que constituyen los "pilares" de la ley que entró en vigor.
