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This study compares the role of procedural justice in motivating organizational retaliatory behaviors between two employee samples, one American and the other Taiwanese. The cross‐national generality of procedural justice effects on retaliation are examined with regard to three issues. First, this study considers the comparability of the link between procedural justice and retaliation between the two national samples. Second, it examines whether procedural justice effects on retaliation are mediated by organizational identity in both samples, as has been found in previous research based on U.S. employees (Tyler & Blader, 2000). Third, it investigates whether procedural justice is defined similarly in the two samples. Results indicate moderate cultural variation in the influence of procedural justice on retaliation and in the mediating role of organizational identity. Specifically, although procedural justice was slightly less predictive of retaliation among the Taiwanese sample, the association between justice and retaliation for these respondents was fully (as opposed to partially) mediated by organizational identity. Significant national differences also emerged in the meaning of procedural justice. Taiwanese employees demonstrated a balanced influence of relational and instrumental concerns when making overall procedural fairness perceptions, while U.S. employees defined procedural fairness primarily in terms of relational concerns.

In the 1st year of the second millennium, the world paid witness to presidential election campaigns in numerous countries worldwide. For the first time ever in Spain's democratic history, a center right party, the Popular Party, won the election by an absolute majority. During the presidential campaign in 2000, the People's Republic of China also celebrated a first: the first time an opposition party beat the Kuo Ming Tang, the incumbent political party. In Russia, the people voted in their second ever democratic election and proved that expenditures for political advertising were not a popular trend during this important transition period. This article will examine major trends in each of the aforementioned countries; all of these trends were noted by individuals who personally witnessed these historic elections and who are intrigued by the political communication dynamic. The goal is to better understand the distinct strategies, venues, and techniques evident in the global presidential campaigns under study.