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Recent trends in regulating maritime vessel emissions have negative effects on the competitiveness of many ports as regulations increase costs for shipping operators calling the ports. This paper develops analytical models to examine the emission standards set by governments for ports in their jurisdictions. Given the emission standards set by governments, which affects fuel cost experienced by shipping operators, ports determine charges for shipping operators. Unilateral, bilateral, and single-country regulation cases are investigated. Specifically, our analysis focuses on how increase in the maximum reservation price of shipping operators, port capacity, and environmental damage costs of ports affect optimal emission standards. ; Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-53956-01)

© 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works The nucleus contains diverse phase-separated condensates that compartmentalize and concentrate biomolecules with distinct physicochemical properties. Here, we investigated whether condensates concentrate small-molecule cancer therapeutics such that their pharmacodynamic properties are altered. We found that antineoplastic drugs become concentrated in specific protein condensates in vitro and that this occurs through physicochemical properties independent of the drug target. This behavior was also observed in tumor cells, where drug partitioning influenced drug activity. Altering the properties of the condensate was found to affect the concentration and activity of drugs. These results suggest that selective partitioning and concentration of small molecules within condensates contributes to drug pharmacodynamics and that further understanding of this phenomenon may facilitate advances in disease therapy.