Suchergebnisse

Cette étude analyse les rapports entre l'industrie domestique et les manufactures artisanales pendant la période préindustrielle. On construira d'abord un modèle théorique pour montrer les éléments qui sous-tendent le choix des modes d'organisation de la production dans une économie pré-moderne. Sur cette base analytique, on verra mieux le contraste qui oppose, dans l'histoire de la Chine, les modèles de développement de l'industrie de la soie et de l'industrie du coton.

Aus taiwanesischer Sicht

After the severe economic setback in 1959–61 the Chinese Government decided to blackout virtually all economic statistics. The policy was so thoroughly executed for 17 years that during this period China-watchers outside the country were forced to engage in a guessing game to estimate how well the Chinese economy had performed. Through a variety of procedures they derived numerous estimates for important products and major economic indicators. Since most of the estimates differed considerably from each other, people who were interested in the economic development of China and hoped to gather information from the studies of China-watchers often found themselves in a state of deep confusion. They did not know which set of estimates they should accept as representing, or nearly so, the true situation in the country. It is only in recent months that the Chinese authorities haverelaxed their information control, with scattered economic statistics gradually appearing in Chinese newspapers and other publications. Some of these statistics concern current production while others refer to previous economic performance. It is possible now to compare the official figures for early years with the western estimates to see how close they are. In other words, assuming that these official figures are the nearest we shall get to the truth for some time, they give us an opportunity for the first time to rate the performance of the China-watchers.

The production of chemical fertilizers has been one of the most successful industries in China in the past two decades. It has not only manifested a remarkable long-term growth rate but also avoided shortterm fluctuations. During the crisis years of the early 1960s when virtually all industries suffered set-backs, the production of fertilizers managed to progress steadily. Its success is attributed to a number of favourable factors. First of all the importance of chemical fertilizers in developing China's agriculture was fully recognized by all leaders in the Party after their early policy of reliance on the mobilization of natural fertilizers had failed. Consequently, in spite of the frequent power struggles, the chemical fertilizer industry has received uninterrupted emphasis and support. Secondly, the technological problems in producing fertilizers are less formidable than in some other industries so that in a relatively short period the Chinese have learned the basic methods of producing fertilizers and of manufacturing new equipment for this industry. Thus, production has been able to expand whether under the foreign embargo or under the self-imposed policy of self-reliance. Finally, there is no serious resource barrier in the provision of key materials for the production of fertilizers.

In one of my articles published in this journal several years ago, I promised to clarify the mystery of the Sino-Soviet exchange rate system. However, some puzzling points remained unanswerable until the publication of an article by Iu. V. Vladimirov. Now, there seems to be a clearer picture about the most complex exchange rate system that has ever existed between any two national currencies.