Suchergebnisse

La aplicación de las definiciones sobre Acceso a Recursos Genéticos (ARG) contenidas en diversas normas legislativas nacionales o comunitarias, pueden afectar la investigación científica (no-comercial y comercial). Se definen dos momentos, entre 1996 y 2013 con la implementación de la decisión 391 de 1996, resultado de la aplicación del Convenio sobre la Biodiversidad Biológica (CDB) de 1992, y a partir de 2013 con decretos que establecen excepciones al ARG y resoluciones del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible que especifican las actividades de ARG. La visión es la de un biotecnólogo, que se concentrará en los elementos técnico-científicos de las normas. En la primera fase no se plantearon excepciones: cualquier investigación que utilizara recursos genéticos y usara herramientas convencionales o moleculares, precisaba de contrato de ARG. Los científicos ignoraron la norma, que trajo como consecuencia la ilegalidad para sus actividades, pero no tuvo efectos prácticos para la mayoría, exceptuando a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia que recibió una sanción administrativa. En la segunda fase se excluyó la investigación científica no comercial en cuatro áreas (ecología, biogeografía, sistemática y evolución), y se limitaron las actividades de ARG a herramientas moleculares. Se espera que estas precisiones resuelvan la ilegalidad de una amplia gama de actividades de la investigación científica, pero se mantiene el peso de los procesos sobre la investigación científica con fines comerciales. ; The application of the definitions on access to genetic resources (AGR) contained in national or Community legislation may affect the scientific research (non-commercial and commercial). Two moments are defined, between 1995 and 2013 with the implementation of Decision 391 of 1996, resulting from the application of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992, and from 2013 to today, with the decrees derogating from the ARG and resolutions of the Ministry Environment and Sustainable Development ARG that specified activities. The vision is that of a biotechnologist, which will focus on technical and scientific elements. In the first phase no exceptions are raised, any research that uses genetic resources and use conventional or molecular tools needed ARG contract. Scientists ignored the rule, which resulted in illegal to operations, but had no practical effect for most, except the National University of Colombia received an administrative penalty. In the second phase the non-commercial scientific research in four areas (ecology, biogeography, systematics and evolution) is excluded, and activities of ARG to molecular tools are limited. These details are expected to solve the illegality of a wide range of scientific research activities, but the weight of the processes of scientific research for commercial purposes is maintained.

The progress made in plant biotechnology has provided an opportunity to new food crops being developed having desirable traits for improving crop yield, reducing the use of agrochemicals and adding nutritional properties to staple crops. However, genetically modified (GM) crops have become a subject of intense debate in which opponents argue that GM crops represent a threat to individual freedom, the environment, public health and traditional economies. Despite the advances in food crop agriculture, the current world situation is still characterised by massive hunger and chronic malnutrition, representing a major public health problem. Biofortified GM crops have been considered an important and complementary strategy for delivering naturally-fortified staple foods to malnourished populations. Expert advice and public concern have led to designing strategies for assessing the potential risks involved in cultivating and consuming GM crops. The present critical review was aimed at expressing some conflicting points of view about the potential risks of GM crops for public health. It was concluded that GM food crops are no more risky than those genetically modified by conventional methods and that these GM crops might contribute towards reducing the amount of malnourished people around the world. However, all this needs to be complemented by effective political action aimed at increasing the income of people living below the poverty-line.

The progress made in plant biotechnology has provided an opportunity to new food crops being developed having desirable traits for improving crop yield, reducing the use of agrochemicals and adding nutritional properties to staple crops. However, genetically modified (GM) crops have become a subject of intense debate in which opponents argue that GM crops represent a threat to individual freedom, the environment, public health and traditional economies. Despite the advances in food crop agriculture, the current world situation is still characterised by massive hunger and chronic malnutrition, representing a major public health problem. Biofortified GM crops have been considered an important and complementary strategy for delivering naturally-fortified staple foods to malnourished populations. Expert advice and public concern have led to designing strategies for assessing the potential risks involved in cultivating and consuming GM crops. The present critical review was aimed at expressing some conflicting points of view about the potential risks of GM crops for public health. It was concluded that GM food crops are no more risky than those genetically modified by conventional methods and that these GM crops might contribute towards reducing the amount of malnourished people around the world. However, all this needs to be complemented by effective political action aimed at increasing the income of people living below the poverty-line.

Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar entre los doce países con mayor diversidad biológica del mundo, después de Brasil. Participa actualmente con el 14% de la biodiversidad del planeta, que se considera uno de los activos más importantes del país. En todo el mundo ocupa el primer lugar en diversidad de especies de aves y el segundo en plantas, de ahí la importancia de controlar el acceso a las especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar el estado actual de la investigación científica y el acceso a los recursos genéticos por parte de los grupos de investigación colombianos a través de la revisión de sus proyectos de investigación descritos en la base de datos nacional de Colciencias GrupLAC para el período 2013-2018. Los grupos de investigación se clasificaron en seis áreas según el programa nacional de ciencia y tecnología (Biotecnología, Ciencias Básicas, Ciencias del Mar, Salud, Ciencias Agrícolas y Biodiversidad y Hábitat); y los proyectos de investigación se dividieron en cinco actividades, según las modificaciones aprobadas en 2013 y las precisiones establecidas en 2014 a la legislación colombiana sobre acceso a los recursos genéticos. Los resultados muestran que del total de 2168 proyectos revisados, 198 (9,1%) emplearon especies nativas en sus investigaciones divididas en las siguientes categorías: sistemática molecular (38,3%), ecología molecular (18, 1%), biogeografía (2,7 %), y otros (40, 9%). Por su parte el Ministerio del medio ambiente reporto un total de 273 solicitudes de contratos de Acceso a Recurso Genéticos para el mismo periodo. El estudio también determinó que los últimos desarrollos legislativos en Colombia, que diferencian y simplifican el procedimiento para realizar investigaciones sobre recursos genéticos, han tenido un impacto positivo en este tipo de investigación, dado que el número de solicitudes de contratos a acceso de recursos genéticos ha aumento significativamente en los últimos 5 años. ; Colombia ranks second among the twelve countries with the greatest biological diversity in the world, after Brazil. Currently participates with 14% of the planet´s biodiversity, which is considered one of the country´s most significant asset. Worldwide it is ranked first in bird species diversity and second in plants, hence the importance of controlling the access to native species. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the current state of scientific research and the access to genetic resources by Colombian research groups through the review of their research projects described in the national GrupLAC database of Colciencias for the period 2013-2018. The research groups were classified into six areas according to the national science and technology program (Biotechnology, Basic Sciences, Marine Sciences, Health, Agricultural Sciences and Biodiversity and Habitat); and the research projects were divided into five categories according to the modifications approved in 2013 and the precisions established in 2014 to the Colombian legislation on access to genetic resources. Results show that of the total 2168 projects reviewed, 198 (9.1%) employed native species in their investigations divided in the following categories: molecular systematics (38.3%), molecular ecology (18.1%), biogeography (0. 5%), and others (40. 9%). For its part, the Ministry of the Environment reported 273 requests for contracts for Access to Genetic Resources for the same period. The study also determined that the latest legislative developments in Colombia, which differentiate and simplify the procedure to conduct research on genetic resources, have had a positive impact on this type of research, given that the number of requests for contracts to access genetic resources has increase significantly in the last 5 year. ; A Colômbia ocupa o segundo lugar entre os doze países com a maior diversidade biológica do mundo, depois do Brasil. Atualmente participa com 14% da biodiversidade do planeta, que é considerado um dos ativos mais significativos do país. Etores e, em segundo lugar ,itted em 3.1 espécies de aves, e em segundo trabalhadoras em plantas, milhão de espécies Suites, daí caminhos para o bedrooms. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o estado atual da pesquisa científica e o acesso a recursos genéticos por grupos de pesquisa colombianos através da revisão de seus projetos de pesquisa descritos no banco de dados nacional do GrupLAC de Colciencias para o período 2013-2018. Os grupos de pesquisa foram classificados em seis áreas de acordo com o programa nacional de ciência e tecnologia (Biotecnologia, Ciências Básicas, Ciências Marinhas, Saúde, Ciências Agrárias e Biodiversidade e Habitat); e os projetos de pesquisa foram divididos em cinco categorias, de acordo com as modificações aprovadas em 2013 e as precisões estabelecidas em 2014 para a legislação colombiana sobre acesso a recursos genéticos. Os resultados mostram que do total de 2168 projetos revisados, 198 (9,1%) empregaram espécies nativas em suas investigações divididas nas seguintes categorias: sistemática molecular (38,3%), ecologia molecular (18,1%), biogeografia (0,5%) e outros (40,9%). Por sua vez, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente relatou 273 solicitações de contratos de Acesso a Recursos Genéticos para o mesmo período. O estudo também determinou que os últimos desenvolvimentos legislativos na Colômbia, que diferenciam e simplificam o procedimento para conduzir pesquisas sobre recursos genéticos, tiveram um impacto positivo nesse tipo de pesquisa, uma vez que o número de pedidos de contratos para acesso a recursos genéticos aumentou. significativamente nos últimos 5 anos.