?Democratizing Technology provides a much-needed fresh perspective on the regulation of chemicals, and an important contribution to green thinking about technology.? Caroline Lucas, Green Party MEP?This book is an excellent critique of the current risk-based approach to technology. By exploring the philosophical underpinnings and the practical applications of current policy on science and technology, Chapman exposes the serious flaws in allowing economic considerations to dominate the agenda in this area. Her proposals for reform are expertly constructed and deserve urgent and serious consider
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Under current European Union legislation, action to restrict the production and use of a chemical is only justified if there is evidence that the chemical poses a risk to human health or the environment. Risk is understood as being a matter of the magnitude and probability of specifiable harms. An examination of how risks from chemicals are assessed shows the process to be fraught with uncertainty, with the result that evidence that commands agreement as to whether a chemical poses a risk or not is often not available. Hence the frequent disputes as to whether restrictions on chemicals are justified. Rather than trying to assess the risks from a chemical, I suggest that we should aim to assess how risky a chemical is in a more everyday sense, where riskiness is a matter of the possibility of harm. Risky chemicals are those where, given our state of knowledge, it is possible that they cause harm. I discuss four things that make a chemical more risky: (1) its capacity to cause harm; (2) its novelty; (3) its persistence; and (4) its mobility. Regulation of chemicals should aim to reduce the production and use of risky chemicals by requiring that the least risky substance or method is always used for any particular purpose. Any use of risky substances should be justifiable in terms of the public benefits of that use.
This book explores issues in the development of the creative industries in Singapore, with a particular focus on the design sector. It presents case study research into the experiences of design leaders transitioning to leadership positions in the context of the Asia Pacific 'war for talents' and Singapore's drive to become the design hub in Asia. Three in-depth case studies are provided: the case of design managers, the case of design consultants and the case of design entrepreneurs. The case studies reveal complex, inter-related issues and ideals that participants desired of potential designers and future design leaders as part of their transition to design leadership and management roles. The empirical findings of the research led to the generation of a new theory of design leaders' transition to design leadership and management positions in Singapore, providing a framework for design career and trajectory. This book is significant for design education in Singapore, as well as internationally, because it establishes design leaders' expectations of designer career trajectories, and the need for a design leadership pipeline. It will be of particular interest to designers and design leaders/managers; educational researchers; curriculum developers; and graduate and postgraduate design students.
