Suchergebnisse

4: Domestication of War Crimes Tribunals: Argentina, South Africa, and theFormer Soviet StatesArgentina; The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa; Lustration and the Former Soviet States; 5: Third-Party War Crimes Tribunals: The ICTY and the ICTR; The Former Yugoslav States; Rwanda; 6: Globalization of War Crimes Tribunals through the International Criminal Court; 7: The Fall of War Crimes Tribunals: Afghanistan, Iraq, and the War on Terror; Iraq; Afghanistan and the War on Terror; 8: Conclusion; References; Websites; Index.

In August of 2009, the American Psychological Association adopted the report of its Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation and urged mental health professionals to avoid telling their patients that sexual orientation can be changed (APA 2009a). The report examined the efficacy of "conversion therapies"—also called "reparative therapies"—wherein the patient and therapist attempt to change the sexual orientation of the patient from gay or lesbian to heterosexual. The report is over 160 pages and examines over 80 peer-reviewed, published studies spanning five decades of research. Despite the heft of the report, the findings are briefly and well summarized by the chair of the task force, Judith M. Glassgold, Psy.D.: "Contrary to the claims of sexual orientation change advocates and practitioners, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation" (APA 2009b). Of course, this conclusion is a given among all but minor fringe elements in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) community or among this community's friends and affiliates. While sexuality collectively seems to present itself along a scale, it seems for individuals to become fixed at some point along that scale. The APA report provides a useful framework for considering the role of sexuality in political science and raises several important questions for political science as both an endeavor and a discipline.

In a two-party system, electoral capture refers to the political dilemma faced by a group that regularly votes overwhelmingly for one party while the other major party has no interest in competing for the group's votes (Frymer, 1999). In 2004, 11 states approved amendments to their state constitutions that banned same-sex marriages. The initiatives passed by wide margins that, except in Utah, exceeded the margin of victory for the winning presidential candidate in each state. The broad support for the anti-gay initiatives suggests the electoral capture of Gay and Lesbian Americans. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier Ltd.]