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"This Research Handbook on Development and the Informal Economy captures the magnitude of the informal economy for the global labour force. It unravels numerous concepts, definitions and methods of data collection to offer valuable insight into the differences between the informal, non-observed and shadow economies. Situating the concept of the informal economy within the evolution of development theories, strategies and thinking over the past 50 years, this Research Handbook also explores the future direction of the informal economy. Chapters consider recent debates around the transition from the informal to the formal economy, a transition which would reshape the social contract between people and state. Expert international contributors examine a range of policies, actions, regions and groups of vulnerable workers to uncover which forms of organisation will lead to more power, recognition and sustainable livelihoods for the working poor. They also analyse how innovation, knowledge co-production and technological change at a grassroots level can improve the working and living conditions of the informal worker. This Research Handbook maps the changing landscape of the informal economy and will be an essential resource for academics, researchers and students in the fields of development studies, economics and international studies"--

Intro -- Contents -- Acronyms -- List of Charts -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Informality -- Solidarities -- Unpaid Care Work -- References -- Part I: Informality -- Chapter 2: A Brief History of 50 Years of Conceptualisation and Measurement of the Informal Economy -- Theories and Concepts -- Statistical Definitions -- The Underground, Shadow, Illegal, Parallel, Non-observed Economy and How It Is Captured or Estimated Through Modelling -- Surveys and Data Collection in a Historical Perspective -- Indirect Methods -- Direct Survey Methods -- Sources of Data -- Conclusion -- Annex -- References -- Chapter 3: Trends and Characteristics of the Informal Economy and Its Components -- Introduction -- Trends in Employment -- Characteristics of the Informal Economy -- Pluri-Activity, Multiple Jobs, Secondary Activities and Employment in the Informal Economy -- Contribution of the Informal Economy to GDP -- Conclusion -- Annex -- References -- Chapter 4: Policies and Actions Addressing Populations Depending on the Informal Economy -- Introduction -- Taxing the Informal Activities -- Upgrading the Informal Activities Within the Value Chain -- Organising the Populations Dependent on the Informal Economy -- Organising Is Key for Financing -- Main Pillars of Policies Designed to Tackle the Informal Economy: Social Protection, Skills Enhancement and Financing -- Social Protection -- Technical and Vocational Skills Enhancement -- Apprenticeship -- Micro-finance -- New Actors and Financialisation of Micro-finance -- The Search for Profit Has Progressively Taken Precedence over the Solidarity Motivation -- Extension of Micro-finance and Potential for Growth -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Solidarities -- Chapter 5: Community, Individualism and Social Capital, the Political Economy of Transfers -- Introduction.

Jacques Charmes — African women, economic activities and labour : From invisibility to recognition Measuring women's work remains an enduring problem though recent efforts have begun to yield fruit. Rates of women's employment are still far from being translated into gdp terms, which would otherwise be the logical outcome. Since the Beijing Conference in 1995, we see the emergence of the notion of labour, broadly defined, which underscores the gender gap, in Africa and elsewhere. An increasing number of surveys reveal the actual contribution of African women to national production and to the welfare of households. The article outlines the current state of affairs and indicates the research trends in this field.

L'auteur presente pourquoi la Mauritanie est touchee par les politiques classiques d'endettement exterieur et une baisse du revenu national qui l'obligent a appliquer les programmes d'ajustement structurel compromis par la crise du Golfe, la secheresse et la baisse des recettes d'exportation. Dans le meme temps la croissance demographique connaissait une forte acceleration ainsi que le processus de sedentarisation et d'urbanisation: la societe mauritanienne traditionnelle a ete propulsee dans l'economie marchande et monetaire. A l'aide de tableaux l'auteur explique pourquoi cet etat de faits a mene a un taux de chomage particulierement eleve surtout dans la population jeune, ce dernier ne pouvant etre resorbe par l'informel. Toutefois, il semblerait que cette situation serait plus le fait d'une insatisfaction par rapport aux attentes nees de la scolarisation et de la sedentarisation qu'a un blocage de l'insertion des jeunes proprement dit. Depuis la fin des annees 80, la situation aurait cependant tendance a s'ameliorer. (DÜI-Mfg)

Mauritanian economy at the risk of informality.
Following the setbacks of economical development, the structural adjustement programmes ini¬ tiated in 1984 was jeopardized by several factors. In 1992, Mauritania ranked 93rd on the World Bank scale and 161st on the UNDP. Confronted to a very high and ever increasing unemployment rate, the informal sector is widening tremendously, especially its tertiary sector, and employs almost three quaters of the working population which is not occupied by agriculture. A recent and relative new balance in favor of productive activities remains uncertain.

Depuis que le terme de secteur informel a été lancé dans les années 1970, les économistes et sociologues du développement ont souvent eu tendance à confondre pauvreté et survie d'une part, chômage et sous-emploi d'autre part. Cette confusion prend naissance dans l'origine même du concept et dans les définitions successives qui ont été données du phénomène; elle s'est trouvée confortée par le peu d'intérêt accordé généralement aux méthodes d'investigation mises en oeuvre pour l'appréhender et le mesurer, signe d'un enfermement dans un paradigme non remis en cause. Les recherches actuelles sur le secteur informel portent cependant en germe les prémisses de révisions drastiques de thèses couramment admises dans la théorie économique et les politiques de développement