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Time of darkness and social rest, the urban night has for a long time been considered as a pause in the overall pace of society. However, times are changing. Driven by the movement of contemporary society, the nights of our cities have come alive and become a new space-time of everyday life.Today, whether we like it or not, a city that wants to be international, attractive and dynamic, is represented with an intensely lively nightlife. The latter effectively allows the continuous operation of the globalized economy. It also fulfills the desire of an intense life shared by contemporary individuals for whom "everything, all the time, immediately" becomes a standard of hypermodern life.If the night crystallizes many stakes of the contemporary society, it is more and more torn between two antagonistic forces. On the one hand, nights must be lively to meet the economic requirements and the people's desire of entertainment. But on the other hand, it must remain a quiet time to ensure the necessary rest of society.Among global and local time, vibrancy and calm, entertainment and rest, the nights of our cities appear as a new field of tensions where the concepts of conflict and regulation are often presented as central in local public policies. But because the night is often analyzed through conflicts and nighttime activity regulation, it remains little considered as a singular time within our cities. Still, since referring to other territories, but also activities, economies, populations, or altered practices, in the end nights exemplifies a time-framed reorganization of an entire urban system.Facing the issues of vibrant and calm city nights, this PhD thesis aims to understand better how the urban night works. Based on the example of the Lyon metropolis nights in France, we will analyze the subject with emphasis on symbolism, representations, space and time organization, and activities. To investigate beyond the notion of conflict, we also propose to study nights from a renewed angle. To make this change, we have chosen to address the night through the concept of quality of life, leading us to compare the offer of a given living environment - that of the urban night - with the aspirations of those who are constantly or temporarily involved in it.Among vibrancy and calm of the city, our investigations will lead us to propose lines of thought in order to design urban nights that are more welcoming, inclusive and concerned about the quality of life of individuals. Among other things, we will propose a better integration of territories night aspect in town planning and urban area development, and to redesign the city appeals through the development of a night-oriented public policy. To do this, placing people at the heart of the process seems essential to make nights a subject within a vast urban project designed by and for the quality of life. ; Temps de l'obscurité et du repos social, la nuit urbaine a longtemps été considérée comme une discontinuité dans le rythme global de la société. Cependant, les temps changent. Entraînées par le mouvement de la société contemporaine, les nuits de nos villes s'animent et deviennent un nouvel espace-temps de la vie quotidienne.Aujourd'hui, qu'on le veuille ou non, une ville qui se veut internationale, attractive et dynamique, est représentée comme vivant intensément la nuit. Cette dernière autorise effectivement le fonctionnement en continu de l'économie mondialisée. Elle répond également au désir de vivre intensément éprouvé par les individus contemporains pour qui le « tout, tout le temps, tout de suite » devient une norme de la vie hypermoderne.Si la nuit cristallise de nombreux enjeux de la société contemporaine, elle est de plus en plus tiraillée entre deux forces antagonistes. D'un côté, la nuit doit être animée pour répondre aux exigences économiques et à l'envie de divertissement des habitants. Mais de l'autre, elle doit rester une temporalité apaisée pour assurer le nécessaire repos de la société.Entre temps global et temps local, animation et apaisement, divertissement et repos, les nuits de nos villes apparaissent comme un nouveau champ de tension où les notions de conflits et de régulation sont souvent présentées comme des données centrales des politiques publiques locales. Mais en étant régulièrement analysée au prisme des conflits et de la régulation de ses activités, la nuit reste finalement peu considérée comme une dimension singulière de nos villes. Pourtant, en se référant à d'autres territoires, mais aussi à des activités, des économies, des populations ou encore, des pratiques reconfigurées, la nuit illustre finalement la recomposition temporaire de tout un système urbain.Entre enjeu d'animation et enjeu d'apaisement de la ville, cette thèse de doctorat se propose de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la nuit urbaine. En nous appuyant sur le cas des nuits de la métropole lyonnaise en France, nous analyserons notre objet de recherche du point de vue de sa symbolique, de ses représentations, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle ou encore de ses activités. Afin de dépasser la notion de conflit, nous proposons également d'aborder la nuit sous un angle renouvelé. Pour opérer ce changement, nous avons choisi d'aborder la nuit à travers le concept de qualité de vie qui suppose de mettre en regard les potentialités d'un cadre de vie donné - celui de la nuit urbaine - avec les aspirations de celles et ceux qui le fréquentent de manière constante ou temporaire.Entre animation et apaisement de la ville, nos investigations nous conduiront à formuler des pistes de réflexion afin d'imaginer des nuits urbaines plus accueillantes, inclusives et soucieuses de la qualité de vie des individus. Nous proposerons notamment de mieux intégrer la dimension nocturne des territoires dans la pratique de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement urbain ou encore de repenser les aménités de la ville à travers l'élaboration d'une politique publique de la nuit. Pour ce faire, il nous semble indispensable de placer les individus au centre de la démarche pour faire de la nuit le sujet d'un vaste projet urbain pensé par et pour la qualité de vie.

Time of darkness and social rest, the urban night has for a long time been considered as a pause in the overall pace of society. However, times are changing. Driven by the movement of contemporary society, the nights of our cities have come alive and become a new space-time of everyday life.Today, whether we like it or not, a city that wants to be international, attractive and dynamic, is represented with an intensely lively nightlife. The latter effectively allows the continuous operation of the globalized economy. It also fulfills the desire of an intense life shared by contemporary individuals for whom "everything, all the time, immediately" becomes a standard of hypermodern life.If the night crystallizes many stakes of the contemporary society, it is more and more torn between two antagonistic forces. On the one hand, nights must be lively to meet the economic requirements and the people's desire of entertainment. But on the other hand, it must remain a quiet time to ensure the necessary rest of society.Among global and local time, vibrancy and calm, entertainment and rest, the nights of our cities appear as a new field of tensions where the concepts of conflict and regulation are often presented as central in local public policies. But because the night is often analyzed through conflicts and nighttime activity regulation, it remains little considered as a singular time within our cities. Still, since referring to other territories, but also activities, economies, populations, or altered practices, in the end nights exemplifies a time-framed reorganization of an entire urban system.Facing the issues of vibrant and calm city nights, this PhD thesis aims to understand better how the urban night works. Based on the example of the Lyon metropolis nights in France, we will analyze the subject with emphasis on symbolism, representations, space and time organization, and activities. To investigate beyond the notion of conflict, we also propose to study nights from a renewed angle. To make this change, we have chosen to address the night through the concept of quality of life, leading us to compare the offer of a given living environment - that of the urban night - with the aspirations of those who are constantly or temporarily involved in it.Among vibrancy and calm of the city, our investigations will lead us to propose lines of thought in order to design urban nights that are more welcoming, inclusive and concerned about the quality of life of individuals. Among other things, we will propose a better integration of territories night aspect in town planning and urban area development, and to redesign the city appeals through the development of a night-oriented public policy. To do this, placing people at the heart of the process seems essential to make nights a subject within a vast urban project designed by and for the quality of life. ; Temps de l'obscurité et du repos social, la nuit urbaine a longtemps été considérée comme une discontinuité dans le rythme global de la société. Cependant, les temps changent. Entraînées par le mouvement de la société contemporaine, les nuits de nos villes s'animent et deviennent un nouvel espace-temps de la vie quotidienne.Aujourd'hui, qu'on le veuille ou non, une ville qui se veut internationale, attractive et dynamique, est représentée comme vivant intensément la nuit. Cette dernière autorise effectivement le fonctionnement en continu de l'économie mondialisée. Elle répond également au désir de vivre intensément éprouvé par les individus contemporains pour qui le « tout, tout le temps, tout de suite » devient une norme de la vie hypermoderne.Si la nuit cristallise de nombreux enjeux de la société contemporaine, elle est de plus en plus tiraillée entre deux forces antagonistes. D'un côté, la nuit doit être animée pour répondre aux exigences économiques et à l'envie de divertissement des habitants. Mais de l'autre, elle doit rester une temporalité apaisée pour assurer le nécessaire repos de la société.Entre temps global et temps local, animation et apaisement, divertissement et repos, les nuits de nos villes apparaissent comme un nouveau champ de tension où les notions de conflits et de régulation sont souvent présentées comme des données centrales des politiques publiques locales. Mais en étant régulièrement analysée au prisme des conflits et de la régulation de ses activités, la nuit reste finalement peu considérée comme une dimension singulière de nos villes. Pourtant, en se référant à d'autres territoires, mais aussi à des activités, des économies, des populations ou encore, des pratiques reconfigurées, la nuit illustre finalement la recomposition temporaire de tout un système urbain.Entre enjeu d'animation et enjeu d'apaisement de la ville, cette thèse de doctorat se propose de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la nuit urbaine. En nous appuyant sur le cas des nuits de la métropole lyonnaise en France, nous analyserons notre objet de recherche du point de vue de sa symbolique, de ses représentations, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle ou encore de ses activités. Afin de dépasser la notion de conflit, nous proposons également d'aborder la nuit sous un angle renouvelé. Pour opérer ce changement, nous avons choisi d'aborder la nuit à travers le concept de qualité de vie qui suppose de mettre en regard les potentialités d'un cadre de vie donné - celui de la nuit urbaine - avec les aspirations de celles et ceux qui le fréquentent de manière constante ou temporaire.Entre animation et apaisement de la ville, nos investigations nous conduiront à formuler des pistes de réflexion afin d'imaginer des nuits urbaines plus accueillantes, inclusives et soucieuses de la qualité de vie des individus. Nous proposerons notamment de mieux intégrer la dimension nocturne des territoires dans la pratique de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement urbain ou encore de repenser les aménités de la ville à travers l'élaboration d'une politique publique de la nuit. Pour ce faire, il nous semble indispensable de placer les individus au centre de la démarche pour faire de la nuit le sujet d'un vaste projet urbain pensé par et pour la qualité de vie.

"D'Hatshepsout à Hitler, d'Assurbanipal à Khrouchtchev, de Théodose ler à Barack Obama, il n'est pas de détenteur de l'autorité suprême qui ait gouverné immobile. Alors que cette mobilité des dirigeants politiques s'observe de l'Antiquité à nos jours, un mode de gouvernement aussi général n'avait jusqu'ici jamais fait l'objet d'un questionnement global et systématique. Cet ouvrage rassemble une quarantaine de contributions intéressant cinq millénaires et quatre continents (Afrique, Amérique, Asie, Europe). Réparties selon la périodisation convenue de l'histoire occidentale (Antiquité, Moyen Âge, période moderne, époque contemporaine), ce sont autant de synthèses d'histoire politique et institutionnelle, aussi attentives aux singularités de la documentation qu'aux enjeux de l'historiographie. Elles mettent en lumière des logiques et des pratiques communes à des États et des systèmes politiques fort divers, tout en montrant leurs évolutions et reformulations au fil du temps."--Page 4 of cover

Frontmatter -- Vorwort -- Inhalt -- Einleitung -- 1. Text und Übersetzung der Acta Augustea -- 2. Inhalt und Gliederung der Inschrift -- 3. Kommentar zur Textkonstitution -- 4. Sachkommentar -- 5. Die augusteische Säkularfeier in der Tradition anderer Säkularfeiern -- 6. Die Frage nach dem Ursprung der ludi saeculares und ihr Mythos -- 7. Zur Topografie der augusteischen Säkularspiele -- 8. Das Kollegium der Quindecimviri sacris faciundis -- 9. Die Münzprägungen zu den augusteischen ludi saeculares -- 10. Das Orakel zu den ludi saeculares -- 11. Das carmen saeculare des Horaz -- 12. Die augusteischen ludi saeculares zwischen Tradition und Innovation -- 1. Text und Übersetzung der Acta Severiana -- 2. Inhalt und Gliederung der Inschrift -- 3. Kommentar zur Textkonstitution -- 4. Sachkommentar -- 5. XVviri sacris faciundis, Matronae, Pueri, Puellae. Eine prosopografische Analyse der Acta saecularia Severiana -- 6. Die Bedeutung der severischen Säkularspiele -- Bibliografie -- Konkordanz zur Inschrift der Acta Severiana -- Indices -- Anhang: Die Münzprägungen zu den drei kaiserzeitlichen ludi saeculares

Many lower-income countries are highly vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters and climate change, due to their geographical location and high levels of poverty. In response, they are developing climate action plans that also support their sustainable development goals, but conventional adaptation approaches such as hard flood defenses can be expensive and unsustainable. Nature-based solutions (NbS) could provide cost-effective options to address these challenges but policymakers lack evidence on their effectiveness. To address this knowledge gap, we focused on Bangladesh, which is exceptionally vulnerable to cyclones, relative sea-level rise, saline intrusion, floods, landslides, heat waves and droughts, exacerbated by environmental degradation. NbS have been implemented in Bangladesh, but there is no synthesis of the outcomes in a form accessible to policymakers. We therefore conducted a systematic review on the effectiveness of NbS for addressing climate and natural hazards, and the outcomes for other sustainable development goals. Research encompasses protection, restoration and participatory management of mangroves, terrestrial forests and wetlands, as well as conservation agriculture and agro-forestry, but there is an evidence gap for urban green infrastructure. There is robust evidence that, if well-designed, these NbS can be effective in reducing exposure to natural disasters, adapting to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions while empowering marginalized groups, reducing poverty, supporting local economies and enhancing biodiversity. However, we found short-term trade-offs with local needs, e.g. through over-harvesting and conversion of ecosystems to aquaculture or agriculture. To maximize NbS benefits while managing trade-offs, we identified four enabling factors: support for NbS in government policies; participatory delivery involving all stakeholders; strong and transparent governance; and provision of secure finance and land tenure, in line with international guidelines. More ...

"Pourquoi gravait-on des textes en grec dans les provinces latinophones de l'Empire romain ? L'ouvrage collectif Pratiques du grec dans l'épigraphie de l'Occident répond à cette question en cernant la spécificité d'une documentation qui n'a bénéficié d'aucune synthèse récente. Dans le cadre de cette enquête, deux aspects essentiels sont traités par les contributeurs : le premier concerne la contextualisation de cette documentation, en insistant sur la nature de ces textes et les agents de leur diffusion ; le second concerne la nature de ce phénomène, le grec pouvant être un indice de la présence d'hellénophones loin de leur patrie ou encore un marqueur de distinction sociale et culturelle. En résumé, le grec épigraphique en Occident peut être abordé à la fois comme une strate particulière au milieu des autres langues attestées épigraphiquement dans un monde majoritairement latinophone et comme une langue impériale, qui témoigne autant de pratiques administratives ou techniques que savantes."

Nature‐based solutions (NbS)—solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature—have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well‐designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits for people and nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting for carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns that this is distracting from the need to rapidly phase out use of fossil fuels and protect existing intact ecosystems. There are also concerns that the expansion of forestry framed as a climate change mitigation solution is coming at the cost of carbon rich and biodiverse native ecosystems and local resource rights. Here, we discuss the promise and pitfalls of the NbS framing and its current political traction, and we present recommendations on how to get the message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners and researchers to consider the synergies and trade‐offs associated with NbS and to follow four guiding principles to enable NbS to provide sustainable benefits to society: (1) NbS are not a substitute for the rapid phase out of fossil fuels; (2) NbS involve a wide range of ecosystems on land and in the sea, not just forests; (3) NbS are implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in a way that respects their cultural and ecological rights; and (4) NbS should be explicitly designed to provide measurable benefits for biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will we design robust and resilient NbS that address the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, sustaining nature and people together, now and into the future.

Nature‐based solutions (NbS) - solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature - have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well‐designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits for people and nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting for carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns that this is distracting from the need to rapidly phase out use of fossil fuels and protect existing intact ecosystems. There are also concerns that the expansion of forestry framed as a climate change mitigation solution is coming at the cost of carbon rich and biodiverse native ecosystems and local resource rights. Here, we discuss the promise and pitfalls of the NbS framing and its current political traction, and we present recommendations on how to get the message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners and researchers to consider the synergies and trade‐offs associated with NbS and to follow four guiding principles to enable NbS to provide sustainable benefits to society: (1) NbS are not a substitute for the rapid phase out of fossil fuels; (2) NbS involve a wide range of ecosystems on land and in the sea, not just forests; (3) NbS are implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in a way that respects their cultural and ecological rights; and (4) NbS should be explicitly designed to provide measurable benefits for biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will we design robust and resilient NbS that address the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, sustaining nature and people together, now and into the future.

Nature‐based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence‐based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature‐based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi‐natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade‐offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade‐offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature‐based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost‐effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence-based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature-based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi-natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade-offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade-offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature-based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base. ; Funding Agencies|Natural Environment Research CouncilNERC Natural Environment Research Council [NE/R002649/1]; University of Oxford: John Fell Fund; Oxford Martin School