Suchergebnisse

According to a report from Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI, 2013), by the year 2050, the temperature will rise globally by 1.0 -2.3°C. The aim of this project is to adapt the climate change in an active way, which will accomplish through the urban land use remodify. The target is developing an urban interaction model for the local government to simulate various scenarios. Policy makers could adjust it to access their sustainable urban plans and policies that deal with the climate change, by reducing the temperature fluctuation while also reducing the energy usage. The dynamics between land use (L), energy consumption (E) and temperature (T) change is the main focus of this project.

The aim of this research is to develop an urban interaction model for the local government to simulate various scenarios. Local government could use it to access their future urban plans and policies that deal with the climate change, in particular UHI, by reducing the temperature fluctuation while also reduce the energy usage. The interaction between land use (L), energy consumption (E) and temperature (T) change is the main focus of this research.

Reviews current major methods of ensuring validity in evaluation research. In reviewing rationales advanced for the primacy of the experimental paradigm, argues that the use of randomized experiments in program evaluation may not be as powerful as its advocates claim. Furthermore, the rigidity of the randomized experimental design may emphasize internal validity at the expense of other types of validity. Especially important is that evaluations based on experimental paradigms tend not to yield information useful to policy makers. (Abstract amended)

According to a report from Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI, 2013), by the year 2050, the temperature will rise globally by 1.0 -2.3°C. The aim of this project is to adapt the climate change in an active way, which will accomplish through the urban land use remodify. The target is developing an urban interaction model for the local government to simulate various scenarios. Policy makers could adjust it to access their sustainable urban plans and policies that deal with the climate change, by reducing the temperature fluctuation while also reducing the energy usage. The dynamics between land use (L), energy consumption (E) and temperature (T) change is the main focus of this project.

Objectives Surgical residents express confidence in performing specific vascular exposures before training, but such self-reported confidence did not correlate with co-located evaluator ratings. This study reports residents' self-confidence evaluated before and after Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma (ASSET) cadaver-based training, and 12-18 mo later. We hypothesize that residents will better judge their own skill after ASSET than before when compared with evaluator ratings. Methods Forty PGY2-7 surgical residents performed four procedures: axillary artery (AA), brachial artery (BA), femoral artery exposure and control (FA), and lower extremity fasciotomy (FAS) at the three evaluations. Using 5-point Likert scales, surgeons self-assessed their confidence in anatomical understanding and procedure performance after each procedure and evaluators rated each surgeon accordingly. Results For all the three evaluations, residents consistently rated their anatomical understanding (p < 0.04) and surgical performance (p < 0.03) higher than evaluators for both FA and FAS. Residents rated their anatomical understanding and surgical performance higher (p < 0.005) than evaluators for BA after training and up to 18 mo later. Only for third AA evaluation were there no rating differences. Conclusions Residents overrate their anatomical understanding and performance abilities for BA, FA, and FAS even after performing the procedures and being debriefed three times in 18 mo. Copyright Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2018. ; This study was supported by a grant from the U.S. Army (no. W81XWH-13-2-0028). ; https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx151

Abstract. Natural disasters have enormous impacts on human society, especially on the development of the economy. To support decision-making in mitigation and adaption to natural disasters, assessment of economic impacts is fundamental and of great significance. Based on a review of the literature on economic impact evaluation, this paper proposes a new assessment model of the economic impacts of droughts by using the sugar industry in China as a case study, which focuses on the generation and transfer of economic impacts along a simple value chain involving only sugarcane growers and a sugar-producing company. A perspective of profit loss rate is applied to scale economic impact. By using "with and without" analysis, profit loss is defined as the difference in profits between disaster-hit and disaster-free scenarios. To calculate profit, analysis of a time series of sugar price is applied. With the support of a linear regression model, an endogenous trend in sugar price is identified and the time series of sugar price "without" disaster is obtained, using an autoregressive error model to separate impact of disasters from the internal trend in sugar price. Unlike the settings in other assessment models, representative sugar prices, which represent value level in disaster-free conditions and disaster-hit conditions, are integrated from a long time series that covers the whole period of drought. As a result, it is found that in a rigid farming contract, sugarcane growers suffer far more than the sugar company when impacted by severe drought, which may promote reflections among various economic bodies on economic equality related to the occurrence of natural disasters. Further, sensitivity analysis of the model built reveals that sugarcane purchase price has a significant influence on profit loss rate, which implies that setting a proper sugarcane purchase price would be an effective way of realizing economic equality in future practice of contract farming.

Abstract. Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards that produce substantial loss of life and property. The QPE products that are derived at high spatiotemporal resolution, which is enabled by the deployment of a dense radar network, have the potential to improve the prediction of flash-flooding threats when coupled with hydrological models. The US National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is dedicated to revolutionizing our ability to observe, understand, predict, and respond to hazardous weather events, especially in the lower atmosphere. CASA's technology enables precipitation observation close to the ground and QPE is one of the important products generated by the system. This paper describes the CASA QPE system built on the various underlying technologies of networked X-band radar systems providing high-resolution (in space and time) measurements, using the rainfall products from the radar. Evaluation of the networked rainfall product using 5 yr of data from the CASA IP-1 test bed is presented. Cross validation of the product using 5 yr of data with a gauge network is also provided. The validation shows the excellent performance of the CASA QPE system with a standard error of 25% and a low bias of 3.7%. Examples of various CASA rainfall products including instantaneous and hourly rainfall accumulations are shown.