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AbstractSuburban sprawl occurs when suburban construction exceeds the need for urban–rural development. This phenomenon has garnered considerable attention and criticism due to the outcomes of land resource wastage, environmental pollution, loss of green space, and farmland degradation. However, due to the complexity of suburbs, suburban boundaries remain unclear, which increases the difficulty and uncertainty in the assessment of suburban sprawl. To fill the research gap, this study conducted an empirical study of Jiangsu Province to identify the suburban boundaries in 1998 and 2018 using a logistic‐geographically weighted regression model. By constructing a suburban sprawl index, this study estimates the suburban sprawl at a city scale. This study obtained the following findings: first, from 2000 to 2018, the proportion of suburban areas in Jiangsu increased from 14.36% to 23.29%. Second, the ratio of suburban expansion areas to suburban sprawl areas revealed the efficiency of suburban land use. As results, Nantong had the highest ratio value of 4.49, and Nanjing had the smallest ratio value of 0.58. Finally, this study demonstrated the effects of suburban sprawl on cropland and ecological landscape fragmentation. The present study contributes to a new perspective of identifying suburbs and provides suggestions for cropland and ecological land protection.

Junyi Chen,1,* Pinghua Yang,2,* Jue Yang,2 Zhijian Wen,2 Baohua Zhang,2 Xin Zheng1,3 1Department of General Surgery, Branch of the First People's Hospital of Shanghai, 2Department of Hepatic Surgery, the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of the first People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Aim: Multiple studies have revealed that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) is overexpressed in many cancers and facilitates tumor progression. However, the role of GIT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.Methods: GIT1 expression was detected in cell lines and 130 pairs of HCC and matched adjacent noncancerous samples. Transwell assay, flow cytometry, caspase 3/7 ­activity assay, 5-bromodeoxyuridine cell proliferation assay, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were used to assess invasion, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation of HCC cells. Furthermore, GIT1 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry to evaluate its correlation with phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK)1/2. The regulatory effect of GIT1 on ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in HCC cells was confirmed by immunoblotting.Results: In this study, we demonstrated that GIT1 was more highly expressed in HCC samples than that in non-HCC samples, and overexpression of GIT1 was correlated with clinicopathological features of poor prognosis. Clinical analysis demonstrated that GIT1 is an independent prognostic biomarker for predicting overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with HCC. In vitro studies showed that downregulation of GIT1 facilitated HCC cell apoptosis and repressed HCC cell invasion, migration, and proliferation. Overexpression of GIT1 is associated with p-ERK1/2 amplification in HCC tissues. Moreover, downregulation of GIT1 resulted in inactivation of ERK signaling and downregulation of MMP9.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that GIT1 is an independent prognostic biomarker and facilitates HCC progression via activating ERK/MMP9 signaling. Keywords: GIT1, HCC, prognosis, ERK signaling