Suchergebnisse

There are two typical varieties of paintings in historical relics of Tang Dynasty, one of which is the processions painted in mausoleums and the other is in Dunhuang grottoes. They are similar in forms but different in motifs and functions. The procession in mausoleums is to show the social status of the masters of the graves, mainly representing the life of the master before his/her death, the functions are ornamental mostly than ritualistic. The procession in Dunhuang grottoes are the reappearance of the real life of the governor of Gui-Yi-Jun so as to commemorate their great achievements. Judged by the artistic characteristics, the processions in mausoleums might have been painted by the artists of the royal court, for the characters in the paintings bear the features of portraits and landscapes of Tang Dynasty, whereas the processions in Dunhuang grottoes were most probably painted by local artists or the artists from the Gui-Yi-Jun government(late period),but the artistic values are not inferior to the former. Key words: Mausoleum in Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang grottoes, Mural, Procession, Ornamental, Ritualistic Monumental Résumé: Les fresques des tombeaux des Tang et les fresques de l'Armée Gui Yi de Dunhuang sont les vestiges de deux sortes de peinture de déplacement les plus représentatives des Tang. Malgré leur similitude de forme, le thème et la fonction sont tout à fait différents. Les premières ont pour but de démontrer le statut du défunt à travers la représentation de sa vie de déplacement de son vivant, et le caractère décoratif prévaut sur le caractère rituel. Les deuxièmes sont la manifestation de la vie réelle des commandants de l'Armée Gui Yi ou des gouverneurs locaux, et les buts de commémoration et de rite sont très manifeste. Sur le plan du caractère artistique, il est possible que des lettrés et peintres de la cour participèrent à la création des fresques des tombeaux des Tang, et on peut distinguer nettement certaines caractéristiques propres à la peinture de paysage, de personnages des Tang. Les fresques de Dunhuang furent crées par des artisans locaux ou des artisans professionnels de l'institut ou l'atelier de peinture relevant de l'Armée Gui Yi (pendant la dernière période), mais elles ne le cèdent point aux précédentes en finesse artistique. Mots-clés: tombeaux des Tang, grottes de Dunhuang, fresque, peinture de déplacement, but décoratif, but rituel, but commémoratif 摘要:唐墓出行圖和敦煌出行圖是目前所見唐代最典型的兩種出行圖遺存,雖形式相近,但主題及功能卻不盡相同。唐墓出行圖是通過對死者生前出行生活的再現來表明其身份及地位,裝飾性重於禮儀性;敦煌出行圖則是歸義軍節度使或地方統治者現實生活的反映,其紀念性和禮儀性目的非常明確。從藝術特點上來說,唐墓出行圖可能有宮廷文人畫家參與創作,因此,從畫面可看出明顯的唐代人物畫、山水畫的某些特徵;敦煌出行圖出自當地畫工之手,也有可能出自歸義軍畫院或畫行的專業畫工之手(晚期),但其藝術造詣絕不亞于唐墓出行圖。關鍵詞:唐墓;敦煌石窟;壁畫;出行圖;裝飾性;禮儀性;紀念性

Personality has been shown to be a valid predictor of behavior in work settings, but few studies have tested the causality of relationships between personality and workaholism. Extending the propositions of Ng, Sorenson, and Feldman (2007), in this article personality traits were treated
as multidimensional and causal relationships were proposed between personality traits and workaholism. We also investigated the interactions among antecedents of workaholism using the definition of Ng et al. as the construct of workaholism, and deduced its antecedents from dimensions that
underlie workaholism. Our model identified the following antecedents as being potentially linked to workaholism: personality traits, personal inducements, and organizational inducements. Obsessive compulsion, achievement orientation, perfectionism, and conscientiousness are key personality
traits leading to workaholism. Intrinsic work values and vicarious learning in the family are two components of personal inducements, while putting work ahead of family commitments, peer competition, and vicarious learning at the workplace constitute three organizational inducements.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Pursuing Citizenship in the Enforcement Era -- PART I . INSTITUTIONAL SHORTCOMINGS -- 2 Unequal Citizenship: Gaps in Formal and Substantive Citizenship -- 3 Winding Pathways to Citizenship -- PART II. STORIES OF IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION DURING ENFORCEMENT -- 4 Barriers to Formal Citizenship -- 5 Blocked Pathways to Full Citizenship -- PART III. A WAY FORWARD -- 6 Constructing Pathways to Full Citizenship -- Appendix: Research Methods and Data -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y.