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This material may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers. This material may be found at https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0001630 Recycling concrete waste helps reduce the negative environmental impacts of construction activities. Worldwide, concrete recycling rates and available applications for recycled concrete vary widely. A deep understanding of the current status of concrete recycling in individual countries or regions would allow development of applicable and effective strategies for improvement.

Pseudo MV/LV (Medium/Low Voltage) transformer loads are usually used as partial inputs to the Distribution System State Estimation (DSSE) in MV systems. Such pseudo load can be represented by the aggregation of Smart Metering (SM) data. This follows the government restriction that Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) can only use aggregated SM data. Therefore, we assess the subsequent performance of DSSE, which shows the impact of this restriction - it affects the voltage angle estimation significantly. The possibilities for improving the DSSE accuracy under this restriction are further studied. First, two strategies that can potentially relax this restriction's impact are studied: the correlations among pseudo loads' errors are taken into account in the DSSE process; a power loss estimation method is proposed. Second, the investments (i.e., either adding measurement devices or increasing the original devices' accuracy) for the satisfactory DSSE results are assessed. All these are for addressing DNOs' concerns on this restriction.

202202 bchy ; Version of Record ; Others ; The work described in this paper was supported by the Labour and Welfare Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. ; Published

The complexity of large cities such as Sydney makes planning challenging. There is a growing need for new and evolving tools to assist research and decision-making. Increasingly, planners require sophisticated insights on social behaviour and the interdependencies characterising urban systems. Agent-based modelling as a large and wide-spread scientific modelling technique (that focuses on computer modelling of individuals and their interactions) has recently emerged as a promising tool in this regard with applications to real-world problems in infrastructure, particularly transport planning, of urban areas. An essential element of such an agent based model is a realistic synthetic population that matches the distribution of individuals and households living in a study area as per the demographics from census data. This paper presents an algorithm to construct such a synthetic population that uses only aggregated data of demographic distributions as inputs, and an agent based model which simulates the natural evolutions (ageing, marriage, divorce, reproducing) of this initial population. The significance of the synthetic population developed in this work is in its ability to capture the relationship of individuals in a household and changes in structure of households as individuals undergo natural evolutions. A case study that uses the algorithm to initialise a synthetic population for Randwick (Sydney) in 2006 and evolve this population over 5 years will also be presented. The results of the initial and final population were validated against the Census Data in 2006 and 2011. The paper closes with discussions on the application of this synthetic population to simulate the dynamics interaction between transport and land-use.