Estimating banking cost efficiency with the consideration of cost management
In: The quarterly review of economics and finance, Band 50, Heft 4, S. 424-435
ISSN: 1062-9769
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In: The quarterly review of economics and finance, Band 50, Heft 4, S. 424-435
ISSN: 1062-9769
In: Emerging markets, finance and trade: EMFT, Band 54, Heft 5, S. 1183-1203
ISSN: 1558-0938
In: Emerging markets, finance and trade: EMFT, S. 1-20
ISSN: 1558-0938
In: Emerging markets, finance and trade: EMFT, Band 56, Heft 3, S. 641-658
ISSN: 1558-0938
In: PNAS nexus, Band 2, Heft 6
ISSN: 2752-6542
Abstract
For centuries, people have put effort to improve the thermal performance of clothing to adapt to varying temperatures. However, most clothing we wear today only offers a single-mode insulation. The adoption of active thermal management devices, such as resistive heaters, Peltier coolers, and water recirculation, is limited by their excessive energy consumption and form factor for long-term, continuous, and personalized thermal comfort. In this paper, we developed a wearable variable-emittance (WeaVE) device, enabling the tunable radiative heat transfer coefficient to fill the missing gap between thermoregulation energy efficiency and controllability. WeaVE is an electrically driven, kirigami-enabled electrochromic thin-film device that can effectively tune the midinfrared thermal radiation heat loss of the human body. The kirigami design provides stretchability and conformal deformation under various modes and exhibits excellent mechanical stability after 1,000 cycles. The electronic control enables programmable personalized thermoregulation. With less than 5.58 mJ/cm2 energy input per switching, WeaVE provides 4.9°C expansion of the thermal comfort zone, which is equivalent to a continuous power input of 33.9 W/m2. This nonvolatile characteristic substantially decreases the required energy while maintaining the on-demand controllability, thereby providing vast opportunities for the next generation of smart personal thermal managing fabrics and wearable technologies.