Search results

Shanghai's Pudong development is an example of a situation in which interaction between global and local forces took place in a location whose boundaries had been closed to the outside world for almost forty years. This work attempts to gain an understanding of the role played by global-local interaction towards shaping developments in Pundong.

SINCE THE END OF THE 1970S, CHINA HAS ACHIEVED STRIKING ECONOMIC PROGRESS AS IT HAS GONE ABOUT THE TASK OF REFORMING STATE SOCIALISM. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES WHETHER THIS PROGRESS CAN HELP THE COMMUNIST REGIME TO RETAIN POWER OVER THAT NEXT DECADE, AND EVEN DISPLAY TO THE WORLD THE SPECTACLE OF A COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT SAVED BY ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION. IT ARGUES THAT OF ALL THE ALTERNATIVES FACING CHINA, THE EMERGENCE OF AN ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY IN THE NEXT DECADE IS THE MOST LIKELY.

© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. The after-market roof rack is one of the most common components attached to a vehicle for carrying over-sized items, such as bicycles and skis. It is important to understand these racks' fuel consumption impacts on both individual vehicles and the national fleet because they are widely used. We estimate the national fuel consumption impacts of roof racks using a bottom-up approach. Our model incorporates real-world data and vehicle stock information to enable assessing fuel consumption impacts for several categories of vehicles, rack configurations, and usage conditions. In addition, the model draws on two new data-gathering techniques, on-line forums and crowd-sourcing. The results show that nationwide, roof racks are responsible for 0.8‰ of light duty vehicle fuel consumption in 2015, corresponding to 100 million gallons of gasoline per year. Sensitivity analyses show that results are most sensitive to the fraction of vehicles with installed roof racks but carrying no equipment. The aerodynamic efficiency of typical roof racks can be greatly improved and reduce individual vehicle fuel consumption; however, government policies to minimize extensive driving with empty racks-if successful-could save more fuel nationally.

The after-market roof rack is one of the most common components attached to a vehicle for carrying over-sized items, such as bicycles and skis. It is important to understand these racks' fuel consumption impacts on both individual vehicles and the national fleet because they are widely used. We estimate the national fuel consumption impacts of roof racks using a bottom-up approach. Our model incorporates real-world data and vehicle stock information to enable assessing fuel consumption impacts for several categories of vehicles, rack configurations, and usage conditions. In addition, the model draws on two new data-gathering techniques, on-line forums and crowd-sourcing. The results show that nationwide, roof racks are responsible for 0.8‰ of light duty vehicle fuel consumption in 2015, corresponding to 100 million gallons of gasoline per year. Sensitivity analyses show that results are most sensitive to the fraction of vehicles with installed roof racks but carrying no equipment. The aerodynamic efficiency of typical roof racks can be greatly improved and reduce individual vehicle fuel consumption; however, government policies to minimize extensive driving with empty racks-if successful-could save more fuel nationally.