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This book illustrates the decline of the state-encouraged revival and legitimization of private enterprises in 1980s China. Chen argues that the rapid growth of private enterprises strengthened the fiscal power of the state, leading the Chinese government to take an increasingly interventionist stance.

As charging-while-driving (CWD) technology advances, charging lanes can be deployed in the near future to charge electric vehicles (EVs) while in motion. Since charging lanes will be costly to deploy, this paper investigates the deployment of two types of charging facilities, namely charging lanes and charging stations, along a long traffic corridor to explore the competitiveness of charging lanes. Given the charging infrastructure supply, i.e., the number of charging stations, the number of chargers installed at each station, the length of charging lanes, and the charging prices at charging stations and lanes, we analyze the charging-facility-choice equilibrium of EVs. We then discuss the optimal deployment of charging infrastructure considering either the public or private provision. In the former, a government agency builds and operates both charging lanes and stations to minimize social cost, while in the latter, charging lanes and stations are assumed to be built and operated by two competing private companies to maximize their own profits. Numerical experiments based on currently available empirical data suggest that charging lanes are competitive in both cases for attracting drivers and generating revenue.

The future of mega infrastructure projects is certain - there will be more risks to manage! The challenge is being met through research and innovation combining current approaches with new. This research adopted a dynamic approach through the combination of Analytical Network Process (ANP) and system dynamics (SD) as an innovative methodology known as SDANP to model complexity in megaprojects design and construction. We communicate how the SDANP model could explore problems caused by Social, Technical, Economic, Environmental and Political (STEEP) risks to construction cost, time and performance and provide insights that lead to organizational learning. We proceed to exemplify by means of a real-life case project in the City of Edinburgh and offer suggestions on what front-ended stakeholders could do to improve the management of risks in megaprojects. The results of the application showed that, when compared to traditional risks assessment methods, this SD model with integrated ANP revealed improvements in managing risks according to STEEP risks criteria. The new framework appears to be a superior solution for solving the dynamic complexities of risks during megaproject design and construction. The findings of the study contribute to the project management theoretical development within the field of megaproject management.

The objective of this paper is to investigate whether international rivalry will lead to a "race-to-the-bottom" (RTB) in labour standards. We derive the equilibrium levels of labour standards in an environment that is most conducive to a RTB, specifically the Brander and Spencer (1985) model of strategic trade in which each government has an incentive to lower the cost of a domestic firm. Our analysis suggests that strategic trade considerations do not lead to a RTB in labour standards. To the contrary, equilibrium labour standards are higher than those in the absence of government intervention. In the case where governments are free to choose the rate of an export subsidy, labour standards are inefficiently high. Binding global trade rules that reduce the subsidy rate would move the equilibrium labour standards closer to their efficient level, and a prohibition of the subsidy would eliminate the efficiency loss in labour markets.

There is general agreement that adolescents' attachment to parents & school decreases the likelihood of their associating with deviant peers &, subsequently, of using illicit drugs. Here, the extent to which these linkages are moderated by ethnicity is tested, based on questionnaire data from three waves of an ongoing panel study, involving 7,618 respondents at Time 1 (when they were in grade 7, in 1971), a year later, & again when they were young adults (N = 3,390) in the 1990s. Structural equation models reveal that, for non-Hispanic whites, positive school experience, but not family warmth, had a direct effect in preventing association with peers who use drugs. Among Mexican Americans, in contrast, family warmth, but not positive school experience, deterred association with drug-using peers in early adolescence. For both groups, a positive school experience had a direct effect on decreasing young adult drug use. Although stronger parent-child bonds & greater attachment of child to school result in decreased deviance, intervening causal linkages regarding deviant peers are moderated by ethnicity. 2 Tables, 3 Figures, 31 References. Adapted from the source document.