Suchergebnisse

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa has defined the childhoods of an entire generation. Over the past twenty years, international NGOs and charities have devoted immense attention to the millions of African children orphaned by the disease. But in this work, anthropologist Kristen E. Cheney argues that these humanitarian groups have misread the 'orphan crisis'. She explains how the global humanitarian focus on orphanhood often elides the social and political circumstances that actually present the greatest adversity to vulnerable children - in effect deepening the crisis and thereby affecting children's lives as irrevocably as HIV/AIDS itself.

Gestational surrogacy – carrying someone else's baby (or babies) to term and giving birth to them – is perhaps one of the most intimate acts a human being can perform for others. However, the proliferation of commercial surrogacy has drawn concern and criticism, with many scholars arguing that it both creates and exacerbates global social and economic inequalities. Commercial surrogacy thus raises both the possibility of global intimate connection and the specter of reproductive exploitation. I therefore explore the various, shifting, and often discordant desires for intimate connection between the intending parent(s), the surrogate mother, and the resulting child(ren) in commercial surrogacy. I then examine how those intimacies intersect with commercial surrogacy's socioeconomic inequalities. Weighing commercial surrogacy's driving desires and intimate practices against its commercialization, I end with a reconsideration of the procreative desires and intimate practices that spur current international commercial surrogacy (ICS), urging an emphasis on reproductive justice.

This article summarises the findings of the International Forum on Intercountry Adoption and Global Surrogacy that took place in The Hague over 11–13 August 2014. The Forum brought together 80 of the world's pre-eminent scholars, activists and policy-makers on international adoption and surrogacy to consider the most pressing issues in both fields and posit solutions for them. Participants identified concerns about commercialisation and exploitation, poverty and inequality, and subsidiarity determinations. They recommended better preservation of information, pre- and post-adoption and surrogacy support, implementation of subsidiarity, and accountability of agencies to ensure equity and rights for all involved in international adoption and surrogacy arrangements.

This article considers ways to shift the implementation of children's rights-based aid approaches from protectionism, which hinders orphans and vulnerable children's (OVCs) survival strategies, to empowerment in order to transform OVC livelihoods. I emphasize children's citizenship as a means of increasing OVC participation in policy-making.

Part 1. Generations of HIV/AIDS, orphanhood, and intervention. - 1 A generation of HIV/AIDS in Uganda. - 2 Orphanhood and the conundrum of humanitarian intervention. - Part 2. Beyond checking the "voice" box : children's rights and participation in development and research. - 3 Children's rights : participation, protectionism, and citizenship. - 4 Getting children's perspectives : a child- and youth-centered participatory approach. - Part 3. Orphanhood in the age of HIV and AIDS. - 5 Orphanhood, poverty, and the post-ARV generation. - 6 Suffering, silence, and status : the lived experience of orphanhood. - Part 4. Blood binds : the transformation of kinship and the politics of adoption. - 7 Orphanhood and the transformation of kinship, fosterage, and children's circulation strategies. - 8 Orphanhood and the politics of adoption in Uganda. - Part 5. Conclusion. - 9 HIV/AIDS policy, "orphan addiction," and the next generation

Many orphans in Jordan, according to Islamic Family Law, lack the lawful lineage that forms the basis of rights such as the right to a family name or inheritance. In a society that is characterized by a tribal sense of belonging and patrilineal entitlement, these legal disadvantages, added to the hardships of orphanhood, manifest themselves in orphans' everyday lives, resulting in social stigma and discrimination. Orphans and youth without lawful lineage recently began organizing to expose the discrimination toward them, demand their rights, and push for social change by breaking through fear and taboo, but change proved difficult. Using empirical data and interviews with orphans in Jordan, this article investigates how they experience the patriarchy of law, society, and the state. It situates and deconstructs contested notions of identity, citizenship, and nationality in the Jordanian context and considers how these constructions converge to affect the lives of these youth, in both gendered and generational ways. We argue that orphans' direct action did not yield its expected results because of the social and legal constrictions of their citizenship, bolstered by an ethos of charity and a facade of democracy.

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