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в статье дана характеристика общественной жизни севера Европейской России в первобытную эпоху ; рассмотрены ее особенности в различные периоды каменного века ; определено время (этапы) и пути проникновения первых людей на Европейский Север ; выяснены характер и причины этого процесса ; приемы адаптации первобытных сообществ. Подчеркивается особое значение в этом процессе природно-географических факторов. На каждом этапе развития северного населения характеризуются изменения ; происходившие в хозяйстве ; каменной индустрии ; религии и искусстве. Показывается преемственность общественного устройства: от праобщины к родовой общине и племени. Уделяется внимание проблеме сосуществования кроманьонцев и неандертальцев и причинам гибели последних ; а также военным столкновениям между племенами ; относящимися к различным археологическим культурам. ; the article gives the characteristics of the social life of the North of European Russia in the prehistoric era ; examines its features in different periods of the stone age ; defines the time (milestones) and ways of penetration of the first people on the European North ; clarifies the nature and causes of this process ; techniques of adaptation of primitive communities ; stresses the importance in this process of natural and geographical factors. At each stage of the development of the northern populations is characterized by changes in the economy ; the stone industry ; religion and art. The author demonstrates the continuity of the social order: from the community to the tribal community and tribe ; focuses on the problem of the coexistence of Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals and the causes of the Neanderthals death ; as well as military clashes between the tribes belonging to different archaeological cultures.

This is a biographical article on Russian historian Mansur Mikhailovich Mukhamedzhanov, with a short bibliography of his works. ; Биобиблиографическая статья о российском историке Мансуре Михайловиче Мухамеджанове.

The paper was written for the 100th anniversary of the outstanding Russian Tibetologist, researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) Yuri M. Parfionovich. The publication provides main periods of his life, including his participation in military operations of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 and his work in peacetime as a specialist in the field of Oriental studies. Collaboration with the world-famous orientalist Yuri N. Roerich was of crucial importance for Yu. M. Parfionovich in his self-development as a Tibetology scholar. Later, following the path laid by Yu. N. Roerich, Yu. M. Parfionovich carried out several major academic projects in Tibetology, highly appreciated by his colleagues in the Soviet Union and by some eminent foreign specialists. Such scholarly works include, first of all: "A Concise Tibetan-Russian Dictionary" (co-authored with B. V. Semichev and B. D. Dandaron), published more than a hundred years after the previous similar publication by Ya. I. Schmidt; the textbook "Tibetan Written Language"; the multi-volume edition "Tibetan-Russian-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Parallels", conceived by Yu. N. Roerich and significantly supplemented and prepared for publication by Yu. M. Parfionovich and V. S. Dylykova; translations of two major Buddhist texts from Tibetan — philosophical and moral treatise "The Sutra on Wisdom and Folly" and the medical treatise "Blue Beryl" ("Atlas of Tibetan Medicine"). The academic heritage of Yu. M. Parfionovich remains relevant for domestic Oriental studies and stays important for the development of cultural cooperation between Russia and Asian countries that profess Buddhism.

For the first time, the article presents the life of the Ryazan landowner Nikifor Mikhailovich Koshelev, whose service in the 1620s was closely associated with Saratov. Having been appointed commander of the streletsky order in the left-bank Saratov (streletsky head), he distinguished himself in many battles against thieves Cossacks and Tatars, for which he was twice awarded by the government of Mikhail Romanov. His further service has been traced during the embassy to Denmark together with Vasily Gavrilovich Korobyin. After returning from Denmark, Nikifor Koshelev became a Moscow nobleman, he was entrusted with the execution of important assignments.