Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the past four decades or so, China scholars have shone a new light on the history of labour in late imperial China, particularly on the role of the household as a unit of production and on the contribution of women to commercial production and family income. Beyond members of the kin group itself, attention is seldom paid to the individuals brought into the Chinese households solely to provide additional manpower. To "break the carapace" of the late imperial Chinese household, this article focuses on the often-omitted "household workers", that is, on its enslaved (nubi) and hired (gugong) constituents. It approaches the topic from the angle of the vulnerability of these non-kin "workers" to punishments and violence. To evaluate their vulnerability to punishment and gauge the disciplinary powers of the household heads, it examines the relationship between punishments and "household workers" in Ming law. It then explores lineage regulations, before moving closer to the ground by mobilizing a wider variety of day-to-day sources, such as contracts and narrative sources produced in the context of the late Ming and early Qing crisis.

Abstract
Over the past decades, "wage labor" has been a lingering issue in studies on the development patterns of late imperial China. The legal reconfiguration of the category of "hired laborers" (gugong 僱工) between 1588 and 1788, in particular, has been foregrounded as a salient manifestation of the "incipient capitalism" going hand in hand with the emergence of a "free" labor market and with the decline of bound labor. Questioning the preconception that the mere appearance of labor relations mediated by means of wages would suffice to prove the existence of "free labor," this article proposes to revisit the issue of "hired labor" in late imperial China. It approaches this issue from a conceptual standpoint, as a first step toward an overdue reassessment of the significance of wages in labor relations and their impact on the status of workers. The first section endeavors to sketch out a general conceptualization of gugong from the Great Ming Code and from Ming and Qing legal exegesis. The second section focuses on the study of the legal redefinition of gugong between the late sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and looks for the social and legal implications of being hired. By doing so, it also explores changes in the Chinese conception of the notion of "service" and its relationship with what we would name "servitude."

Cet ouvrage d'une ambition exceptionnelle présente sous une forme accessible à un large public une histoire inédite de l'esclavage depuis la Préhistoire jusqu'au présent. Il paraît vingt ans après le vote de la loi Taubira, alors que la prise de conscience du passé esclavagiste est chaque jour plus aiguisée au sein de la société française. L'histoire de l'esclavage, trop longtemps tenue pour une forme de passé subalterne, est ici replacée au coeur de l'histoire mondiale. Le livre renouvelle une approche comparée dans l'étude du phénomène esclavagiste, qui conduit le lecteur de l'Inde ancienne aux Antilles du xviiie siècle, de la Chine des Han jusqu'au Brésil colonial, de l'Egypte médiévale à l'Ouganda contemporain. Loin de banaliser la singularité monstrueuse de l'esclavage colonial issu de la traite transatlantique, la comparaison contribue à l'éclairer. Ce livre fait donc le pari de la connaissance et de la réflexion, convaincu que le savoir historique offre des ressources critiques qui ont le pouvoir d'émanciper. Le parti pris du monde et la perspective comparatiste qui sont la sienne souhaitent enrichir les scènes et les figures depuis lesquelles relire notre histoire, mais aussi, espérons-le, tracer des chemins vers d'autres futurs possibles

The study of slavery and coerced labour is increasingly conducted from a global perspective, and yet a dual Eurocentric bias remains: slavery primarily brings to mind the images of Atlantic chattel slavery, and most studies continue to be based – either outright or implicitly – on a model of northern European wage labour. This book constitutes an attempt to re-centre that story to Asia. With studies spanning the western Indian Ocean and the steppes of Central Asia to the islands of South East Asia and Japan, and ranging from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, this book tracks coercion in diverse forms, tracing both similarities and differences – as well as connections – between systems of coercion, from early sales regulations to post-abolition labour contracts. Deep empirical case studies, as well as comparisons between the chapters, all show that while coercion was entrenched in a number of societies, it was so in different and shifting ways. This book thus not only shows the history of slavery and coercion in Asia as a connected story, but also lays the groundwork for global studies of a phenomenon as varying, manifold and contested as coercion