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Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- About the Book -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction: Discourse, Conflict and Conflict Resolution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Discourse as Used in This Book -- 3 Analysing Discourse -- 4 Discourse and Conflict: The Connection -- 5 Current Literature on Discourse and Conflict Studies -- 6 Summary of Chapters -- References -- Part I: The Language of Conflict -- 2: Taking Radical Disagreement Seriously: Filling the Discourse Analytic Gap in the Study of Intractable Asymmetric Conflicts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Examples of Radical Disagreement -- 3 Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences: Identifying the Research Gap -- 3.1 Looking Beneath Radical Disagreement: Social Science Discourse Analysis -- 3.2 Exposing Radical Disagreement-Critical Discourse Analysis -- 3.3 Deconstructing Radical Disagreement: Post-Structural Discourse Analysis -- 3.4 Displacing Radical Disagreement: Radical Gender and Culture Discourse Analysis -- 4 Taking Radical Disagreement Seriously: Filling the Theoretical Discourse Analytic Gap -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Language in the Service of Lawfare: The "Working Definition of Antisemitism" of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance -- 1 Introduction: The IHRA and the IHRA Definition -- 1.1 The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance -- 1.2 The IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism -- 2 Critical Discourse Analysis -- 3 Description -- 3.1 Lexical Frequencies -- 3.2 Vague Language -- 4 Interpretation -- 4.1 Origins: The EUMC "Working Definition" -- 4.2 From EUMC to IHRA -- 4.3 Confusion Over What Constitutes "the Definition" -- 5 Explanation -- 5.1 Social and Political Context -- 5.2 A "Persuasive Definition" -- 5.3 Legal, Social and Political Implications -- 6 Conclusion.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Why Kant Would Not Lie to the Murderer at the Door: On Kant's Absolute Prohibition against Lying -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Conceptual Perspective -- Lying in the Metaphysics of Morals -- The Judicial Perspective -- The Moral Perspective -- Conflicts of Duties -- Necessary Lies -- Latitude -- Internal Lies -- Lying and the Categorical Imperative -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations of Immanuel Kant's works -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Location in Space-Time, Factuality-Counterfactuality and Polarity as the Neurocognitive Elements to Build a Cognitive Model to Represent Deception -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Location in Space-Time -- Minkowski Space -- Internal and External Time Perception -- Truth-Deception -- Polarity -- Building Our Hyperspace -- Representation of Time -- Representation of Space -- Representation of the Scenario Function -- Regions of Our Hyperspace -- Toward a Definition of Deception -- The Values of the Scenario Function, a Particular Case -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- The Effect of Group Deliberation and the Results of a Competency Test on Judgements of Child Witness Credibility -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Detecting Deception in Children -- Group Deliberation and Deception Detection -- Truth and Lies Discussion: The Competency Test -- Method -- Participants -- Design -- Materials and Stimuli -- Recorded Accounts: Evidence-in-Chief for the Witnesses -- Truthful Evidence -- Fabricated Evidence -- Questionnaires -- Jury Size -- Procedure -- Results -- Pre-Deliberation versus Post-Deliberation Accuracy -- Reasons for Changing Veracity Decision -- Participants Who Changed Their Decision to a Correct One -- Participant Who Changed His Decision to an Incorrect One -- Response Bias -- Interviewee Characteristics -- Confidence Ratings

This study examines aspects of online activism by women's rights groups in Nigeria and Ghana, especially by exploring their online campaign approaches. Applying the new social movement theories and methods in linguistic pragmatics and discourse analysis, the study examines and analyses how gender issues such as political participation and violence against women and girls are mediated discursively. The study further assesses the roles of social media in the campaign programmes of the women's rights groups. Two groups each from Nigeria and Ghana are selected for the study. These are among the most active ones in the two countries with an efficient online presence. Findings show that the women movements adopt discourse-pragmatic acting strategies such as reporting, directing, demanding and identifying with women's rights to seek redress to perceived gender injustice.

Abstract
On October 3, 2020, members of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (sars) of the Nigerian Police Force arrested a young man at Wetland Hotel, Ughelli in Delta State, and later shot and killed him, and threw him out of a moving police van. In addition to eye witnesses of what happened, the video of this incident was also trending on social media. Again, on October 5, another video went viral of sars officers' killing a young musician popularly known as "Sleek," in unjustifiable circumstances. This was the last straw that broke the camel's back. What initially began as spontaneous peaceful protests soon turned bloody and by October 8, the protests had spread to almost all Nigerian cities demanding the disbandment of sars. This empirical study examines the operational structure of sars, the formation of the EndSARS movement and its first main protests in 2020 in the search for social justice. Methods in qualitative discourse analysis and multimodality, are used to analyze representational strategies in the protest discourse of the #EndSARS protesters. Other issues bordering on police brutality, injustice, corruption and state failure, which form the main narratives of the protests are analyzed.

This paper applies sociolinguistic and discourse-analytical approaches to examine the features of West African English (WAE) in digital discourse. Data comprises 23,374 posts and responses from some popular social and political online forums hosted by Nigerians (i.e. Nairaland and Naijapals); Ghanaians (i.e. Ghanaforum.com), and Sierra Leoneans (i.e. Sierra Online club and Sierra Leone Forum). These digital forums have served as social media platforms for discussions and debates on, and responses to recent socio-political events in those countries. Findings show that three varieties of WAE are evident in online discourse namely, the acrolect (high), mesolect (middle), and basilect (low), which sometimes depend on the educational level of the users. The local pidgin is also frequently used especially in the Nigerian forums. These varieties in turn reflect features that are characteristic of WAE such as (i) loan words within the standard (acrolect) variety (ii) code-switching between the standard variety and pidgin/Krio (iii) evidence of deviants/errors characteristic of the basilect variety and (iv) linguistic creativity such as coinages, and the language style of the Internet. Findings further show that West African online communicators in English have adapted their socio-cultural nuances of language use to modern information technology.

This study critically examines the discourse of posts on Facebook in the 'occupy Nigeria' fuel subsidy removal protests. The Facebook posts are viewed as protest discourse with its ideological imprints of positive 'we' in-group representations and negative 'other' out-group constructions. With a CDA analytical approach, the study shows that Facebook posts are effectively used to describe the identity of the actors, articulate their arguments and demands, enunciate their activities and goals as well as provide information updates to the protesters. The protesters apply linguistic strategies such as code-switching between English and the local languages (e.g. Yoruba) and the use of Standard Nigerian English and the local pidgin to express solidarity as well as for social interaction. Interestingly, Facebook messages were posted from within Nigeria and also from other countries of the Nigerian diaspora. However despite the seeming effectiveness of the online protests via Facebook, the Nigerian protesters did not ultimately achieve their aim partly because the protests did not attract sufficient participation. The individuals engaged in the protests were divided and many still pledged their loyalty to political in-group and ethnic interest rather than national interest. ; Este artículo presenta un estudio crítico de los mensajes publicados en Facebook sobre el movimiento de protesta 'Ocupa Nigeria', por la retirada de la subvención gubernamental a la gasolina. Los mensajes de Facebook son considerados discurso de protesta con sus huellas ideológicas de representaciones de inclusión grupal positiva mediante we ('nosotros') y de construcciones de exclusión grupal negativa mediante other ('otros'). Desde el análisis crítico del discurso (ACD), el estudio muestra que los mensajes de Facebook fueron utilizados efectivamente para describir la identidad de los actores, articular sus argumentos y demandas, enunciar sus actividades y propósitos, así como proporcionar información actualizada a los protestantes. Los protestantes utilizaron estrategias lingüísticas tales como el codeswitching entre la lengua inglesa y las lenguas locales (p. ej. el yoruba) y el uso del inglés nigeriano estándar y el pidgin local para expresar solidaridad así como interacción social. Cabe destacar que los mensajes de Facebook fueron enviados desde Nigeria y desde otros países de la diáspora nigeriana. No obstante, a pesar de la aparente efectividad de las protestas vía Facebook, los protestantes nigerianos no consiguieron su propósito debido a que las protestas no atrajeron un número suficiente de participantes. Los individuos involucrados en las protestas estaban divididos y muchos de ellos aún supeditaban su lealtad a la pertenencia al grupo político e interés étnico más que al interés nacional.

This study examines the use of the Internet and computer-mediated communication for Christian worship in Nigeria. The seven largest and fastest growing churches in Nigeria are selected for the study, highlighting the benefits and dangers associated with online worship. The utilization of the Internet to disseminate the Christian message and attract membership across the world, and the dissemination of religious tenets and fellowship online, have resulted in the emergence of the 'Internet church' for members who worship online in addition to belonging to a local church. Most interesting is the increasing widespread claim of spiritual experience or 'miracles' through digital worship. However, there is fear that online worship endangers the offline house fellowship system, which is viewed as the reproductive organ of the local offline church. Exclusive online worshippers are also said to be susceptible to deception and divided loyalty.