Suchergebnisse

This book traces the struggles over the institutions of political representation in Central and Eastern Europe, focusing on the factors that have held women back over the post-communist period, as well as on the growing evidence for change throughout the region. Post-communist Europe has long raised two puzzles for scholars of women's representation in politics

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Puzzles of Male Dominance in Central and Eastern Europe -- 1.2 Conceptualising Male Dominance -- 1.3 The Selection of the Country Case Studies -- 1.4 The Structure of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Establishing Male Dominance: Descriptive, Substantive and Symbolic Representation -- 2.1 The Actors: The Communist (Successor) Parties and the Anti-communist Opposition -- 2.2 Male Over-Representation in Transitional Settings -- 2.3 Repertoires of Symbolic Representation -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Candidate Selection and Male Dominance in Europe's New Democracies -- 3.1 Candidate Recruitment in Post-communist Europe -- 3.2 The Supply of Candidates for Legislative Office -- 3.3 Party Ideology and Male Over-representation in Politics -- 3.4 The Voters -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Reproducing Male Dominance: The Role of Incumbency -- 4.1 Incumbency in Post-communist Europe: An Overview -- 4.2 The Gendered Effects of Variation in Incumbency in Post-communist Europe -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Reproducing Male Dominance: The Role of Electoral Systems -- 5.1 The Electoral Systems of Post-communist Europe: An Overview -- 5.2 Mixed Versus PR Systems -- 5.3 Closed-List Versus Open-List PR -- 5.4 The Impact of Electoral System Reform -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Reproducing Male Dominance: Asymmetric Institutionalisation in New Democracies -- 6.1 Conceptualising Asymmetric Institutionalisation -- 6.2 Asymmetric Institutionalisation and the Opportunities for State Feminism -- 6.3 Asymmetric Institutionalisation and Competitive Politics -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Breaking Male Dominance: Institutional Change in New Democracies -- 7.1 Gender Quotas

This article argues that, given the centrality of gender for recent processes of autocratisation, it has become imperative to understand and theorise the conditions underpinning democratic resilience against opposition to gender equality. I conceptualise democratic resilience as the outcome of critical actors' efforts to represent marginalised groups in the face of threats to existing gender equality rights. The case study is Romania's 2020 'gender identity' bill, which would have prohibited discussion of 'gender' within the educational system but was eventually ruled unconstitutional. I identify two key causal mechanisms through which civil society organisations were able to shape this outcome: framing, which emphasised the bill's non-compliance with democratic norms and constitutional principles; and learning, which prompted a reflection by the two key institutional actors, that is, the president and the Constitutional Court, as to the importance of core democratic principles for politics and society in post-communist Romania.