Suchergebnisse

PurposeThe America Rescue Plan (ARP) transformed the Child Tax Credit (CTC) into a more generous, inclusive monthly payment from July through December 2021. However, the expansion has been terminated and the annual CTC has been reinstated. The United States is one of the few OECD countries that do not have a child allowance system and South Korea has recently adopted child allowance in 2018. This study aims to comprehensively review the existing literature and evidence on ARP-CTC in the United States and Universal Child Allowance (CA) in Korea.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers completed a database search between July 1, 2022 and July 20, 2022. For the United States, the search keywords were child tax credit OR expanded child tax credit OR CTC OR child allowance. For Korea, the search keyword was child allowance. Searches were conducted using 79 databases. A total of 36 US studies and 7 Korean studies met all the inclusion criteria and proceeded to the extraction process. A narrative thematic synthesis approach was employed to identify themes in the findings. The results were organized based on the characteristics of the studies and the post-intervention outcomes.FindingsStudies in the United States focused primarily on economic outcomes, including poverty and material hardship, reflecting the concern policymakers and researchers have about child poverty. On the other hand, Korean studies examined employment, economic well-being, psychological well-being and expenditures in a relatively balanced share. Overall, studies found that both ARP-Child Tax Credits and Universal Child Allowance reduced child poverty and improved material hardship. Also, studies in both countries suggested that both policies had positive impacts on parental psychological well-being.Originality/valueTo the authors knowledge, this paper is the first to comprehensively review the impact of the US ARP-CTC in comparison with the Korean child allowance. Two studies reviewed and updated the literature on US ARP-CTC as a round-up paper. Moreover, the authors conduct cross-national comparative analyses between the United States and Korea. The contexts of the child allowance system in the two nations have both similarities and differences, thereby offering a unique opportunity for a comparative study.

Despite the growing importance of developing countries to the global economy and their increasing role in innovation, limited academic attention has been given to the national innovation systems (NIS) of these countries. Given that they commonly suffer a lack of resources, efficiency in the operation of innovation seems crucial. This study aims to assess the innovation efficiency of developing countries. Breaking down the NIS into two stages, knowledge production and application process, we additionally introduce the knowledge absorption perspective in the latter stage as the consideration for the context of developing countries. Based on the results of the efficiency assessment, clustering analysis is implemented to identify several typologies of the operation of NIS in developing countries and to provide implications for each case. This study will constitute a meaningful attempt to provide a general understanding of innovation status and operations in developing countries, thereby suggesting policy directions for several cases.

Abstract
There has been a significantly increased amount of literature on various aspects of artificial intelligence (AI), but research on AI governance has been a considerably underdeveloped area. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for designing AI governance in the public sector to overcome the limitations of previous studies that primarily dealt with the fragmentary aspect of AI. Also, we applied the developed framework to the case of Korea by combining it with the rank-order survey questions that target experts. This case study presents how to use the framework and provides insight for other countries.

This work examines power dynamics at play in the early child-saving movement as illuminated in the case records and annual reports of the Pennsylvania Society to Protect Children from Cruelty (SPCC) from 1878 to 1881 and triangulated with other historical records.1We draw on ecological systems theory and urban ecology to examine social and spatial relationships between child-saving institutions, communities, and individuals and families. The paper adapts template analysis for archival research as a replicable approach for studying historical power dynamics embedded in social welfare institutions. This approach highlights the changing role of community members in identifying and responding to neglect and abuse and uncovers common themes that continue to impact the modern child welfare system.